Doug Irwin, an economics professor at Dartmouth College and trade author, discusses the significant history of tariffs in the U.S. He explores how tariffs were employed under different administrations, including Trump's. Irwin highlights Alexander Hamilton's influence and critiques the belief that high tariffs always stimulate growth. The conversation also touches on global trade dynamics, particularly concerning China's role, and the political complexities surrounding tariff policies today, illustrating how past decisions echo in current economic relations.
Trump's era marked a significant return to tariffs, challenging previous notions of their obsolescence in U.S. trade policy.
Historical perspectives reveal that tariff policies often fluctuate with economic conditions rather than indicate a permanent shift in trade strategy.
Deep dives
The Return of Tariffs Under Trump
Donald Trump's administration marked a significant shift in U.S. trade policy, particularly through the imposition of tariffs on imported goods, reportedly the highest seen since the Depression era. This era of protectionism challenges the previously held belief that tariffs were becoming obsolete, as the focus had shifted to regulations and services in trade discussions. Trump's approach has resulted in the re-emergence of tariffs as a central tool of trade policy, reigniting debates around their economic efficacy and potential long-term impact on international relations and domestic markets. The episode explores whether this revival signals a genuine shift towards a high-tariff era or if it is merely a temporary phase stemming from Trump's unique political style and objectives.
Historical Perspectives on Tariff Policies
The podcast emphasizes the importance of historical context in understanding current tariff policies, likening Trump's tariff strategy to significant historical periods such as the high tariff phases of the Republican Party before the Great Depression. Through the insights of economics professor Doug Owen, the discussion reveals that past shifts in trade policy often reflected broader economic conditions rather than a sustainable structural change. Citing examples from U.S. history, it suggests that previous administrations faced similar moments of protectionist fervor that eventually subsided without lasting impact on trade policy. By examining these historical phases, the podcast cautions against assuming that current high-tariff practices will lead to permanent changes in trade agreements or economic strategies.
The Three R's of Tariff Policy
Owen introduces the concept of the 'three R's' that underlie tariff policies: revenue, restriction, and reciprocity. Initially, tariffs primarily served as a source of revenue for the government, significantly shaping early U.S. economic frameworks. As economic conditions evolved, the purpose of tariffs shifted more towards protectionism, targeting specific industries to safeguard domestic production from foreign competition. Reciprocity emerged as a strategy to negotiate tariff rates with other nations, indicating that tariff policy is often a tool shaped by diplomatic maneuvering alongside economic objectives.
Geopolitical Factors and Future Trade Dynamics
The podcast discusses how contemporary geopolitical tensions have a profound effect on U.S. trade policy, particularly in the context of rising competition with China. Tariffs are explored not only as economic tools but as instruments of broader strategic conflict, reflecting the interconnectedness of trade and foreign policy. Recent trends show that countries like China are beginning to view tariffs through the lens of both economic competition and geopolitical strategy, leading to potential retaliatory measures. The evolving landscape of international trade relations suggests that navigating tariffs will require a nuanced approach balancing domestic interests with diplomatic relations, potentially altering global trade dynamics for years to come.
Doug Irwin is a professor at Dartmouth College and the author of several books on trade. Today on The Economics Show, he joins the FT’s Senior Trade Writer Alan Beattie to discuss the history of tariffs in the US, and what that history might tell us about the next round of tariffs.
Alan writes the Trade Secrets newsletter. You can sign up here. He is on Bluesky at @alanbeattie.bsky.social.