
New Books in Intellectual History Liang Qichao, "Thoughts from the Ice-Drinker’s Studio: Essays on China and the World" (Penguin Classics, 2023)
Dec 13, 2025
Peter Zarrow, a historian and translator specializing in modern Chinese intellectual history, discusses his latest work translating Liang Qichao’s influential essays. He reveals how Liang navigated pivotal changes in early China, expressing complex ideas on citizenship, democracy, and national identity. Zarrow highlights Liang's transformative experiences during exile in Japan and his evolving views on modernity and social order, emphasizing the lasting relevance of Liang's thoughts on freedom and reform in today's context.
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Radical Reform Within A Reformist Frame
- Liang Qichao blended radical critique of autocracy with reformist institutionalism early in his career.
- He pushed for education, public schools, and changes to the examination system to create officials who solve real problems.
Early Success And A Sister's Role
- Liang passed the provincial-level exam at 16 and impressed his examiner, who promptly married his younger sister to him.
- His sister taught him Mandarin which helped his career beyond Guangdong.
The New Citizen As National Strength
- In exile Liang sharpened the idea of the 'new citizen' who participates politically through education and intellectual liberty.
- He argued national strength depends on a culture of participation, not only military modernization.


