In this engaging discussion, Wang Yuhua, an expert in state building at Harvard, dives into the intricate dynamics of political power in Imperial China. He explores how authoritarian regimes maintain stability and the lessons they offer for modern governance. The conversation highlights the resilience of meritocratic bureaucracy and critiques conventional views on state development. Wang also examines the impact of COVID-19 on Xi Jinping's rule, drawing fascinating parallels with historical governance, all while advocating for a broader understanding of diverse political systems.
The podcast highlights China's impressive state capacity, emphasizing how government actions are often designed to benefit society despite its non-democratic nature.
The discussion contrasts contemporary governance under Xi with historical patterns, illustrating the risks of centralizing power by dismantling elite factions essential for stability.
Deep dives
The Strength of the Chinese State
The podcast delves into the impressive state capacity of China, which has long been a topic of fascination for social scientists. The discussion emphasizes how the Chinese government effectively exerts control over various aspects of citizens' lives, such as implementing policies on family planning and vaccination programs. The strength of the Chinese state raises critical questions about the mechanisms that can limit such a powerful authority, particularly in a non-democratic context. This inquiry leads to an exploration of how economic and social dynamics can serve as constraints on the state, ensuring that government actions benefit society as a whole.
Historical Durability of Chinese Governance
The long-standing stability of China's governance structure is a central topic, prompting a comparison between contemporary and historical forms of rule. Over more than 2000 years, China has maintained a similar governmental framework featuring non-elected leaders and a meritocratic bureaucracy. This consistency raises intriguing questions about why such a governance model has proven so resilient, despite numerous historical upheavals and regime changes. The discussion highlights the cyclical nature of Chinese governance transitions, suggesting that underlying governmental structures have remained remarkably stable through time.
The King's and Emperor's Dilemma
The podcast introduces the concept of the King's Dilemma, which highlights the trade-off rulers face between extracting resources for success and ensuring their own survival. In contrast, the Emperor's Dilemma within the Chinese context presents unique challenges and solutions regarding state capacity and elite relations. The discussion contrasts the emergence of representative institutions in Europe, which offered solutions to this dilemma, with the lack of such mechanisms in imperial China, which instead relied on elite social structures. The emphasis on either star or bowtie networks of elite connections illustrates how these configurations can simultaneously affect the ruler's stability and capacity to mobilize resources.
Future Evolution of Chinese Governance
A thought-provoking exploration of the current Chinese governance under the Xi administration centers on the implications of evolving elite networks. It is suggested that Xi's anti-corruption campaign seeks to centralize power by dismantling existing factions, which historically served to balance power among elites. However, the podcast raises concerns that eliminating factions may undermine the ruler's stability, as a lack of internal competition could lead to increased risks for the leadership. Lastly, the discussion connects contemporary state capacity to historical dynamics, underscoring the importance of state-society collaboration and local governance as vital components in the effectiveness of the ruling authority.
In this episode of Pekingology which originally aired on June 17, 2021, Freeman Chair in China Studies Jude Blanchette is joined by Wang Yuhua, the Frederick S. Danziger Associate Professor of Government at Harvard University, to discuss how rulers in Imperial China maintained -- and lost -- political power.
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