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Running-Shaped Human Anatomy
- Human anatomy shows a cluster of adaptations around 2 million years ago that favor endurance running.
- The gluteus maximus and nuchal ligament emergence point to running becoming a key selective pressure.
Butt Muscle Built For Running
- The gluteus maximus fires strongly during running to prevent the trunk pitching forward and to decelerate the leg.
- This muscle is minimally active in walking, showing a running-specific function.
Climate Drove Running Evolution
- Climate change and expanding open habitats around 2.8 million years ago likely encouraged running adaptations.
- Endurance running enabled persistence hunting or scavenging, unlocking high-calorie meat and driving brain growth.