David Adger, "Language Unlimited: The Science Behind Our Most Creative Power" (Oxford UP, 2019)
Feb 4, 2020
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David Adger, Professor of Linguistics at Queen Mary University of London and Head of the School of Languages, Linguistics and Film, explores the foundational ideas in the cognitive science of language in his book. Topics discussed include the nature of language and its creative capacity, variations in marking relative clauses, the use of emojis in language, the hierarchy of human language, speech errors and child language acquisition, distinct neural processing of natural and unnatural linguistic rules, the social justice dimension in linguistics, and avoiding linguistic prescriptivism.
Language allows us to use it creatively, giving us the ability to describe and create worlds of imagination.
Humans have a sense of structure in language, organizing it hierarchically from an early age.
Certain concepts and structures appear across languages, suggesting the existence of a universal grammar.
Merge is a simple theory that explains the infinite capacity of language through its hierarchical structure, branching, and repeating in a self-similar way.
Deep dives
Language and Creativity
Language allows us to use it creatively, giving us the ability to describe and create worlds of imagination.
Structure in Language
Humans have a sense of structure in language, organizing it hierarchically from an early age.
Language Universals
Certain concepts and structures appear across languages, suggesting the existence of a universal grammar.
Ambiguities in Language
Structural ambiguities in language demonstrate the need for a sense of structure beyond linear order in grammar.
The concept of merge as the basis for language's creative use
Merge is a simple theory that states language is organized based on self similarity. It explains the infinite capacity of language through its hierarchical structure, branching and repeating in a self similar way. Merge allows for the never ending generation of linguistic structures, making language creative and unlimited.
Binding theory and the limited nature of language
Binding theory explores how pronouns and noun phrases refer to the same entities. This phenomenon highlights the limited aspect of language, as there are specific rules governing the relationships between pronouns and noun phrases. While language is unlimited in its potential, it is also limited in its hierarchies, binary structure, discrete elements, and adherence to laws of language. This paradox showcases the dual nature of language, being both unlimited and constrained.
Evaluating the limits of analogy and alternative theories
Binding theory presents challenges for the theory of analogy in language. Language learners cannot simply rely on analogy to determine the hierarchical restrictions of binding. Alternative theories based on information structure or discourse fail to fully explain the binding phenomena. In-depth linguistic arguments are complex, making it difficult to convey them concisely to non-linguists. However, the chapter on binding theory in the book offers a more accessible explanation, providing readers with an understanding of language's limitations and the ongoing research in this area.
David Adger is Professor of Linguistics at Queen Mary University of London, where he is Head of the School of Languages, Linguistics and Film. He has served as President of the Linguistics Association of Great Britain since 2015, and has authored a number of monographs on syntactic theory, in addition to the widely used undergraduate textbook Core Syntax: A Minimalist Approach (Oxford University Press, 2003).
In his book, Language Unlimited: The Science Behind Our Most Creative Power (Oxford University Press, 2019), Adger brings foundational ideas in the cognitive science of language to a popular audience. The book moves quickly from an engaging call to linguistics to the three deep explanatory features of human language that frame the rest of the book, namely: our “sense” of syntactic structure; compositionality; and recursivity. Adger explores these deep aspects of language in areas such as how children learn languages, why some kinds of languages are unlearnable, and the apparent uniqueness of human linguistic ability, but also in less familiar territory such as constructed languages, the relationship between formal linguistics and sociolinguistics, and the difference between human learning and machine learning. In typically infectious and energetic style, the book even devotes two chapters to making binding theory and Merge accessible to a general audience.
John Weston is a University Teacher of Academic English in the Language Centre at Aalto University, Finland. His research focuses on the relationships between language variation, knowledge and ethics. He can be reached at john.weston@aalto.fi and @johnwphd.