This podcast explores the science of addiction, including how drug addiction affects the brain, the concept of addiction as an 'allergy of the body', factors contributing to addiction, and resources for support.
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Quick takeaways
Addiction disrupts multiple areas of the brain, leading to behavioral and emotional changes in addicted individuals.
The main chemical involved in addiction is dopamine, which regulates both the reward centers and the function of brain regions responsible for self-regulation.
Deep dives
The Science of Addiction and Changing Understanding
Over the years, our understanding of addiction has evolved significantly. Initially, addiction was believed to only affect the reward centers of the brain, but research has shown that addiction disrupts multiple areas of the brain. This knowledge has allowed us to understand how these disruptions in the brain lead to the behavioral and emotional changes seen in addicted individuals.
The Impact of Drugs on the Brain and Behavior
When someone takes drugs, the first target is the brain's reward centers, leading to feelings of pleasure. However, with continued use, the brain's reward centers reset, and without the drug, individuals feel worse. The main chemical involved in addiction is dopamine, which regulates both the reward centers and the function of brain regions responsible for self-regulation. With repeated drug use, the brain's natural rewards lose their value, and the drug becomes the primary focus, leading to behavioral inflexibility and difficulty in quitting.
Factors Influencing Addiction Vulnerability
Several factors contribute to an individual's vulnerability to addiction. People with underlying psychiatric disorders like depression and anxiety may be more susceptible. Childhood experiences, such as trauma and neglect, also increase the risk of addiction. Additionally, genetics play a role, as addiction tends to run in families. The specific drug a person becomes addicted to depends on accessibility and the drugs available in the environment.
After Matthew Perry’s death was announced, a clip of the actor debating the science of addiction on the BBC’s Newsnight programme went viral. To find out where we’ve got to in our understanding of addiction, Ian Sample talks to Dr Nora Volkow, director of the US National Institute on Drug Abuse. She explains how brain imaging has advanced our understanding of this chronic disease. Help support our independent journalism at theguardian.com/sciencepod
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