BldgAltEntf E063: Norwegische Schokolade

@article{Bleiklie2023,

title = {Norwegian higher education futures},

author = {Ivar Bleiklie},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-023-01107-8},

doi = {10.1007/s10734-023-01107-8},

issn = {1573-174X},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-09-25},

journal = {Higher Education},

volume = {89},

pages = {311–330},

abstract = {The paper deals with the future of Norwegian higher education as part of a Nordic project on higher education futures. To identify future scenarios for Norwegian higher education (HE), the paper uses the theoretical lens of historical institutionalism to focus on scenario building. Like in the other Nordic countries, Norwegian HE and research are characterized by easily accessible and free public HE provision, high participation rates, and a high level of investment in HE and research. However, the question is this: If we look back at the development of Norwegian HE the last decades, to what extent can we expect present developments to persist and to what extent can we expect more or less sharp breaks and deviations from past and present developments? Departing from an institutionalist position, two historically grounded visions and related scenarios are identified: an academic excellence scenario and a national service scenario. The scenarios reflect tensions between different visions of the shape, emphasis, and orientation of HE and research. The empirical focus is on the developments of HE along five dimensions: growth, systemic integration, academic drift, labor market relevance, and governance. First, the conceptual approach is presented, outlining the use of scenarios and an institutionalist approach to thinking about the future of HE. Secondly, the paper outlines the five trends regarding past and ongoing developments. Third, some ideas about future developments are outlined, before the conclusion is drawn.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gajendragadkar2013,

title = {The survival time of chocolates on hospital wards: covert observational study},

author = {Parag R Gajendragadkar and Daniel J Moualed and Phillip L R Nicolson and Felicia D Adjei and Holly E Cakebread and Rudolf M Duehmke and Claire A Martin},

url = {https://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f7198},

doi = {10.1136/bmj.f7198},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-12-14},

journal = {BMJ},

volume = {2013},

issue = {347},

abstract = {Objective To quantify the consumption of chocolates in a hospital ward environment.Design Multicentre, prospective, covert observational study. Setting Four wards at three hospitals (where the authors worked) within the United Kingdom.Participants Boxes of Quality Street (Nestl{'e}) and Roses (Cadbury) on the ward and anyone eating these chocolates.Intervention Observers covertly placed two 350 g boxes of Quality Street and Roses chocolates on each ward (eight boxes were used in the study containing a total of 258 individual chocolates). These boxes were kept under continuous covert surveillance, with the time recorded when each chocolate was eaten.Main outcome measure Median survival time of a chocolate.Results 191 out of 258 (74%) chocolates were observed being eaten. The mean total observation period was 254 minutes (95% confidence interval 179 to 329). The median survival time of a chocolate was 51 minutes (39 to 63). The model of chocolate consumption was non-linear, with an initial rapid rate of consumption that slowed with time. An exponential decay model best fitted these findings (model R2=0.844, P<0.001), with a survival half life (time taken for 50% of the chocolates to be eaten) of 99 minutes. The mean time taken to open a box of chocolates from first appearance on the ward was 12 minutes (95% confidence interval 0 to 24). Quality Street chocolates survived longer than Roses chocolates (hazard ratio for survival of Roses v Quality Street 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.53 to 0.93, P=0.014). The highest percentages of chocolates were consumed by healthcare assistants (28%) and nurses (28%), followed by doctors (15%).Conclusions From our observational study, chocolate survival in a hospital ward was relatively short, and was modelled well by an exponential decay model. Roses chocolates were preferentially consumed to Quality Street chocolates in a ward setting. Chocolates were consumed primarily by healthcare assistants and nurses, followed by doctors. Further practical studies are needed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}