Frank Uekotter, author of "The Age of Smoke," discusses the infamous Thanksgiving smog of 1966 that enveloped New York City during the Macy’s Day Parade. He reveals how this environmental crisis killed nearly 200 people and sparked significant changes in U.S. environmental policy, culminating in the Clean Air Act. Uekotter critiques the oversimplification of reacting to dramatic disasters, urging deeper consideration of chronic pollution issues. He dives into the historical roots of air pollution, linking industrial practices to modern environmental challenges.
The 1966 Thanksgiving smog disaster highlighted the urgent need for environmental reforms and ultimately led to the establishment of the Clean Air Act.
Public health crises from air pollution, like the New York smog, often catalyze political action and regulatory changes for better environmental protections.
Deep dives
The Tragic Smog of 1966
The killer smog in New York City during Thanksgiving 1966 resulted from an unusual weather pattern that trapped pollutants in the atmosphere, creating a hazardous environment for residents. As the annual Macy's Day Parade took place, air quality deteriorated, leading to symptoms such as coughing, breathing difficulties, and irritated eyes among parade-goers. Despite early warnings from pollution monitoring labs, city officials hesitated to declare a smog alert, which contributed to the worsening conditions. Ultimately, the smog claimed the lives of approximately 168 individuals, marking a significant public health crisis in a major U.S. city during a lively holiday celebration.
Historical Context of Air Pollution
The history of air pollution in cities like London and Los Angeles highlights a pattern of public health crises that were often overlooked until a catastrophic event occurred. Previous smog disasters, including the London smog of 1952 that caused thousands of deaths, demonstrate how public concern typically arose only from visible disasters rather than from chronic pollution issues. These earlier smog incidents catalyzed public and political awareness, gradually leading to environmental reforms, although often only after significant loss of life. The awareness built from such historical tragedies ultimately laid the groundwork for future legislative efforts, including the eventual establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency.
Legislative Change Following Disaster
The aftermath of the New York smog incident in 1966 precipitated immediate changes in local air pollution regulation and catalyzed action at the national level. Following the incident, city officials strengthened pollution guidelines and improved monitoring systems, while President Lyndon Johnson pushed for federal legislation, leading to the Clean Air Act of 1967. Although initially limited in effectiveness, subsequent versions of the Clean Air Act, especially the one passed in 1970, shifted pollution control towards a more unified federal approach. This transition ultimately resulted in significant reductions in smog levels across the U.S., showcasing how visible disasters can galvanize political action and public concern towards environmental health.
For this Thanksgiving, we're re-airing an HTW classic. This episode originally premiered November 23, 2020.
November 24, 1966. Millions of spectators flood Broadway in New York City to watch the Macy’s Day Parade on Thanksgiving morning. The iconic floats – Superman, Popeye, Smokey the Bear – are set against a grey sky that can only be described as noxious. A smog of pollutants is trapped over New York City, and it will ultimately kill nearly 200 people. How did the 1966 Thanksgiving Smog help usher in a new era of environmental protection? And how have we been thinking about environmental disasters all wrong?
Special thanks to our guest Professor Frank Uekotter, author of The Age of Smoke.