Is the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Unconstitutional?
Oct 6, 2023
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Supreme Court heard arguments on the constitutionality of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's funding structure, potential effects on the administrative state, economy, and markets. Constitutional law scholars analyze the case, central questions, and funding comparisons. Influence of court on appropriations bills discussed, as well as the role of customs service. Arguments about historical analogues, accountability, and governing principle in deciding future cases.
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Quick takeaways
The Supreme Court is considering whether the funding structure of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is unconstitutional under the Appropriations Clause, which could have significant implications for the future of the CFPB and the administrative state.
The debate revolves around the definition of an 'appropriation' and whether the CFPB's funding structure, which allows the director to determine the amount reasonably necessary, meets the constitutional requirements, raising concerns about the constitutionality of other federal agencies.
Deep dives
The Funding Structure of the CFPB
The Fifth Circuit struck down the funding structure of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) under the Appropriations Clause of the Constitution. The court determined that the CFPB's funding, which came from the Federal Reserve Fund, did not comply with the Constitution's restrictions on appropriations. The concern raised by the Fifth Circuit was that the CFPB's funding structure allowed for an indefinite authorization by the CFP Director to determine the amount of funding reasonably necessary. The Supreme Court justices in the oral arguments explored the extent of Congress' role in determining appropriations and the meaning of the term 'appropriation'.
Requirements for an Appropriation
According to the brief by Breon Gorod, the requirements for an appropriation are simply that Congress sets out in legislation a source and purpose for the money. The appropriations clause does not impose additional restrictions or limits on Congress' discretion in exercising that authority. Historical understanding and the brevity of the clause support this interpretation. The Custom Service in 1789 is highlighted as an example of an agency with indefinite funding being authorized by the legislature. The argument made is that the funding structure of the CFPB is similar to historical examples and consistent with the constitutional intent of legislative discretion.
Defining an Appropriation
The debate in the podcast focuses on the definition of an 'appropriation'. The respondents argue that an appropriation requires a law that provides a fixed amount of funding or a fixed end date. However, the Constitution's appropriations clause does not explicitly define the term 'appropriation'. The case raises the question of whether the CFPB's funding structure, which allows the director to determine the amount reasonably necessary, meets the constitutional requirements. The court struggled to find a specific historical analog, but the justices grappled with the broader principle of legislative discretion in appropriations.
Implications and Challenges
A decision by the Supreme Court to strike down the funding structure of the CFPB could have far-reaching implications for the constitutionality of other federal agencies and programs funded outside the annual appropriations process. The Court's decision in this case could potentially call into question the constitutionality of the Federal Reserve and other federal financial regulators. The oral argument raised concerns about the need for a clear historical analog and whether the court should second-guess Congress' judgment on funding methods. The argument also examined the role of historical practice and the importance of legislative discretion in appropriations.
On Tuesday, October 3, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Consumer Financial Protection Bureau v. Community Financial Services Association of America. Industry groups representing payday lenders brought a challenge arguing that the CFPB funding structure is unconstitutional under the Appropriations Clause. The outcome of the case could have big effects not just on the future of the CFPB itself, but on the economy, markets, and the future of the administrative state. In this episode, two leading constitutional law scholars and Supreme Court experts—Brianne Gorod of the Constitutional Accountability Center, and Professor Jennifer Mascott of the Antonin Scalia Law School— join Center President and CEO Jeffrey Rosen to recap the oral arguments in the CFPB case, what questions or issues the justices were the most focused on, and predict how the Court might rule.