This podcast episode explores various aspects of influenza, including the history of pandemics, the characteristics and effects of the virus, and the challenges in developing vaccines. It specifically focuses on highly pathogenic avian influenza and its transmission to humans. The hosts discuss the impact of influenza on respiratory health and draw connections to the COVID-19 pandemic. They also touch on the difficulty of eliminating the virus and creating an effective vaccine. The episode concludes with gratitude towards listeners and an introduction to other podcasts.
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Quick takeaways
Highly pathogenic avian influenza, such as H5N1, poses a significant threat to both bird populations and humans, as these strains can cause severe disease and have the potential for efficient human-to-human transmission.
The quest for a universal flu vaccine that provides better protection against a wider range of strains, including those with pandemic potential, remains a challenge in preventing future influenza outbreaks and spillover events.
Deep dives
The Evolution and History of Influenza Viruses
Influenza viruses have been around for hundreds of millions of years and infect their natural reservoirs, such as birds and pigs. The evolution of influenza A viruses involves selective sweeps, where advantageous mutations lead to the outcompetition of other strains. The timeline of influenza pandemics stretches back to the 16th century, with notable pandemics occurring in 1580, 1729, 1781, and 1889, among others. The deadliest influenza pandemic was the 1918 flu pandemic, which resulted in millions of deaths worldwide. The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza, such as H5N1, poses a significant threat to both bird populations and humans, as these strains can cause severe disease and have the potential for efficient human-to-human transmission.
Patterns and Predictability of Influenza Pandemics
While the exact timing of future influenza pandemics cannot be predicted, the history of pandemics shows that each passing year brings us one year closer to the next one. Highly pathogenic avian influenza strains pose a particular risk as they can emerge from interactions between humans and domestic fowl. Avian influenza was first recognized in 1878, and subsequent reports led to its identification as a filterable transmissible agent and isolation as a virus. Ongoing surveillance and understanding of avian influenza strains are crucial for pandemic preparedness.
The Sudden Connection Between Avian Influenza and Human Infections
The podcast discusses the discovery of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in domestic poultry and wild birds. The viruses were found to be closely related and raised concerns among researchers due to their extreme virulence. In 1997, a young boy in Hong Kong, Lam Hui Ka, became infected with H5N1, a strain of avian influenza that had previously only caused infections and deaths in birds. This revelation marked the first known case of avian influenza spillover to humans. Subsequent outbreaks and human infections raised concerns about a potential influenza pandemic. Efforts to control the spread of the virus included culling millions of infected birds. However, the challenge of preventing future outbreaks remains, given the difficulties of vaccination, global migration patterns of birds, and the ongoing evolution and spillover potential of avian influenza.
The Need for a Universal Flu Vaccine and Preparing for the Next Influenza Pandemic
The podcast explores the limitations of current influenza vaccines and the quest for a universal flu vaccine that provides better protection against a wider range of strains, including those with pandemic potential. Although progress has been made in developing promising vaccines, such as chimeric H antigens and whole virus vaccines, their effectiveness in real-world infections is still being studied. The complexity of preventing avian influenza outbreaks and spillover events involves various factors, including separating wild and domestic bird populations, promoting hygiene in poultry facilities, rapid containment measures, and addressing habitat loss and urbanization. The podcast highlights the ongoing challenges in managing influenza epidemics and the need for continued research, preparedness, and global cooperation to prevent future pandemics.
Ep 110 Influenza, Take 2: Sitting Ducks; Fowl Play
Over five years ago, on October 31, 2017, the very first episode of This Podcast Will Kill You premiered, an action-packed (and mildly disorganized) tour of the influenza virus and the 1918 flu pandemic. So much has happened since that episode’s release, both within the podcast and in the world of public health, not the least of which is a respiratory virus pandemic. Given this distance from the podcast’s beginning and the added perspective of experiencing a pandemic firsthand, we decided to circle back to where we started by revisiting influenza for our fifth season finale. In this episode, we provide a bird’s eye view of influenza viruses overall, from how they make you sick to the long history of influenza pandemics and where we stand with case numbers in recent years. Then we dig deeper by giving you a different kind of bird’s eye view: a close examination of highly pathogenic avian influenza, especially H5N1. How is this virus different from your standard seasonal influenza strain, where did it come from, and how worried do we need to be? Are we just a bunch of sitting ducks? Tune in to find out.