More than Spiritual: Proofs for the Existence of God | Prof. Joshua Hochschild
Feb 3, 2025
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In this discussion, Professor Joshua Hochschild, a philosophy expert from Mount St. Mary’s University, dives deep into the existence of God. He contrasts Thomas Aquinas’s empirical reasoning with modern skepticism, tackling challenges posed by philosophers like David Hume. Hochschild unpacks Aquinas's five arguments for God's existence, emphasizing their philosophical significance and relevance today. He explores the concept of the unmoved mover, shedding light on the critical role of first causes in understanding change and existence.
Aquinas argues that the existence of an unmoved mover, or first cause, is essential due to the necessity of causality in change.
The limitations of Aquinas's proof highlight that it establishes a first cause but does not fully define this being as God.
Deep dives
Proving the Existence of God
Aquinas presents a straightforward proof for the existence of God based on the concept of change and causality. He outlines three premises: that some things undergo change, that whatever experiences change must be caused by something else, and that this chain of causes cannot extend infinitely. This leads to the conclusion that there must be a first cause, an unmoved mover, that itself does not change. Aquinas emphasizes that this is a simple demonstration of the necessity of a first cause, which is often misconstrued in modern discussions about proving God's existence.
Limitations of the Proof
Despite the success of Aquinas' proof, its implications may be less impressive than most people expect. The proof establishes the existence of an unmoved mover but does not define this being in terms that align with traditional notions of God. Factors such as goodness, wisdom, or even whether there is one or more unmoved movers remain unaddressed. Consequently, accepting the existence of this first cause does not necessarily lead one to embrace the full conception of God that many people envision.
The Role of Proof in Aquinas's Theology
Aquinas's proofs should be understood within the larger context of his theological project, which aims to reconcile philosophy and Christian faith. He maintains that while reason can arrive at certain truths about God, there are also divine revelations that exceed human understanding. By bridging natural reason with revealed truth, Aquinas seeks to enhance the believer's understanding of faith, demonstrating that both modes of cognition work together to enrich human knowledge of God. This highlights the relationship between faith and reason, asserting that faith is not a rejection of intellectual inquiry, but a complementary approach that fulfills human beings' ultimate purpose.
Modern Skepticism and Aquinas
Aquinas's insights contrast sharply with modern philosophical skepticism, as exemplified by David Hume, who largely excludes Thomistic reasoning from discussions of natural theology. Hume's arguments dismiss the possibility of proving God’s existence by focusing on empirical standards without engaging with Aristotelian concepts of causality. By failing to entertain the certainty offered by Aquinas's proofs, Hume inadvertently limits the scope of theological discourse. This presents a challenge for contemporary thought, stressing that to fully engage with the concept of God, one must consider the traditional philosophical conclusions drawn from an understanding of causality and its implications for faith.
Joshua Hochschild is Professor of Philosophy at Mount St. Mary’s University, where he also served six years as the inaugural Dean of the College of Liberal Arts. His primary research is in medieval logic, metaphysics, and ethics, with broad interest in liberal education and the continuing relevance of the Catholic intellectual tradition. He is the author of The Semantics of Analogy: Rereading Cajetan’s De Nominum Analogia (2010), translator of Claude Panaccio’s Mental Language: From Plato to William of Ockham (2017), and co-author of A Mind at Peace: Reclaiming an Ordered Soul in the Age of Distraction (2017). His writing has appeared in First Things, Commonweal, Modern Age and the Wall Street Journal. For 2020-21 he served as President of the American Catholic Philosophical Association.
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