Malka Z. Simkovich, "Letters from Home: The Creation of Diaspora in Jewish Antiquity" (Eisenbrauns, 2024)
Feb 23, 2025
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Malka Z. Simkovich, a scholar of Second Temple Judaism and editor-in-chief at the Jewish Publication Society, dives into the complexities of Jewish identity and diaspora. She challenges the interchangeable use of terms like Judean and Israelite, explaining their nuanced meanings. The discussion touches on the paradox of the Jewish community in Egypt despite prohibitions against returning there and explores whether diaspora is a curse or a historical evolution. Simkovich also invites insights on the terms 'golah' and 'galut,' enriching the conversation about exile and Jewish identity.
Dr. Simkovich explores the nuanced meanings of terms like judean, israelite, and diaspora, revealing their implications on Jewish identity and belonging.
The adaptation of the Book of Esther in Greek highlights the complexities of Jewish life in diaspora and the ongoing connection to Jerusalem.
Deep dives
The Concept of Diaspora in Jewish Writings
Jewish writers during the Second Temple period developed the concept of diaspora to articulate the complexities of Jewish life outside the land of Israel. Through letters and texts, they expressed the psychological and theological challenges faced by Jews living abroad, particularly regarding their relationship with the homeland. This era witnessed a shift in perception, as diaspora became a term associated with estrangement from God, yet authors conveyed the vitality and resilience of Jewish communities thriving outside Israel. The rhetorical strategies employed involved writers speaking in the voices of others, blending perspectives from both diasporic and Judean Jews to address identity and belonging.
Letters as a Reflection of Identity
The use of letters in Jewish antiquity served as a powerful tool to reflect the relationships between Jewish communities in and out of Israel. These letters often featured characters who embodied collective identities, facilitating conversations about shared traditions and cultural practices despite physical distances. For instance, the correspondence illustrated how Jewish life outside Israel was seen as an extension of the Babylonian exile, prompting debates on legitimacy and theological standing. Through these narratives, Jewish writers crafted a sense of community that transcended geographical boundaries, thereby reinforcing their identity and connection to their heritage.
The Role of Esther and Greek Literature
The Book of Esther plays a significant role in understanding Jewish attitudes in the diaspora, as it portrays the complexities of assimilation and survival in foreign lands. The narrative resonates with themes of marginalization, raising questions about Jewish identity and divine protection amidst adversity. A version of Esther was notably rewritten in Greek to address diaspora audiences, incorporating prayers and references to God that were absent in the original Hebrew text. This adaptation demonstrated an acute awareness of the concerns faced by Jews living abroad, further emphasizing the importance of Jerusalem as the spiritual and authoritative center for Jewish identity.
The Differentiation of Terms: Gola, Diaspora, and Galut
The distinctions between the terms Gola, diaspora, and galut crystallize the evolving understanding of Jewish identity across time and space. Gola refers specifically to the Babylonian exile, marked by a beginning and an end, while diaspora denotes an ongoing scattering of Jews that lacks a unified experience. Meanwhile, the term galut, used in rabbinic literature, signifies not only physical displacement but an anticipation of redemption, allowing for an intimate relationship with God even in estrangement. These nuanced definitions reveal how historical contexts and theological reflections shaped the self-perception of Jews in relation to their homeland and fellow Jews, forging a multifaceted identity that adapts over time.
Dr. Simkovich taught in a Catholic University and now is at JPS and YU. She continues her interfaith dialogue throughout. But here we spoke, among other things, about the concept of diaspora and exile - what is a Judean, a Judahite, and an Israelite. These are terms that are often thrown around interchangeably, but understanding the meaning and etymology of each helps us understand the spatial and temporal elements of being Jewish, of Judean roots, and in the context of today.
Letters from Home: The Creation of Diaspora in Jewish Antiquity(Eisenbrauns, 2024) is an analysis of letters from Jewish Antiquity and spans the Persian and Babylonian Empires in space and time and touches upon the Greek and Roman Empires. Is diaspora curse? If a main prohibition was for Israelites to return to Egypt, how is one of the most ancient Jewish communities found in Egypt? How and why did they get there? Was it a negative or positive evolution of the exile?
As the conversation evolved Dr. Simkovich let out a call for suggested readings on the term and concept of "golah" as opposed to "galut", diaspora and exile. Please reach out if you want to share your thoughts on this and the significance of the diaspora as a phenomenon.