Lawfare Daily: Sheriffs and ‘The Highest Law in the Land,’ with Jessica Pishko
Jan 7, 2025
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Jessica Pishko, an independent journalist and lawyer, dives into the unchecked power of sheriffs in her insightful discussion. She unpacks the constitutional sheriffs movement, exploring its roots in originalist interpretations and its influence on far-right politics. Pishko highlights the significant role sheriffs play in the American criminal justice system, particularly regarding jail management and community accountability. The conversation raises critical concerns about the implications of this power on democracy and the growing influence of partisanship in sheriff elections.
Sheriffs wield immense power in the local justice system, with their dual role significantly affecting jail management and community safety.
The election of sheriffs often overlooks urban residents' concerns, leading to law enforcement strategies that may not align with progressive values.
The rise of the constitutional sheriffs movement reflects a complicity between local law enforcement and far-right political ideologies, threatening democratic accountability.
Deep dives
The Role of Sheriffs in Law Enforcement
Sheriffs serve as elected law enforcement officers within counties in the United States, responsible for policing and managing county jails. They differ from urban police chiefs due to their dual role as both law enforcers and jailers, with about 85% of county jails operated under their authority. In California's realignment process, sheriffs faced an influx of individuals being transferred from state prisons to county jails, resulting in differing approaches to handling this new population. Some sheriffs implemented reformative practices like split sentencing, while others merely expanded jail capacity, leading to dangerous overcrowding, demonstrating the significant impact sheriffs have on the justice system at the local level.
Elected vs. Appointed Law Enforcement
The election of sheriffs raises important questions about accountability and representation within local law enforcement. While sheriffs are meant to be responsive to their communities, their election often reflects predominantly rural and suburban voter preferences, rendering urban residents' concerns less heard. This discrepancy may result in sheriffs prioritizing more conservative law enforcement strategies, often out of step with progressive urban populations. Furthermore, the nature of voter turnout, especially among marginalized communities, may lead to a disconnect between those most affected by sheriffs' policies and the electoral mechanisms that appoint them.
The Rise of the Constitutional Sheriff Movement
The constitutional sheriff movement has emerged as a significant and controversial aspect of local law enforcement, espousing the belief that sheriffs have the ultimate authority in interpreting laws within their jurisdictions. This perspective has developed alongside the rise of right-wing populism, which positions sheriffs as defenders of constitutional values against perceived federal overreach. Influenced by figures like Richard Mack, this movement asserts sheriffs' authority over both state and federal law, often appealing to a nostalgic view of law enforcement that emphasizes local control. This has raised concerns about sheriffs acting independently of legal standards, prioritizing personal interpretations over established laws.
Sheriffs and Political Alignments
The relationship between sheriffs and political movements, particularly within the Republican Party, has evolved to include a stronger presence of far-right ideologies. The appeal of sheriffs as populist figures capable of acting outside typical bureaucratic constraints has led to their growing allegiance to national figures like Donald Trump, who presents a tough-on-crime narrative. Sheriffs have increasingly become vocal supporters of policies centering on mass deportation and aggressive law enforcement tactics, fostering a perception of them as guardians of law in an era of perceived disorder. Their alignment with Trumpism reflects a broader trend where local law enforcement is intertwined with national political narratives, ultimately shaping their actions and policies.
The Danger of Unchecked Power
The unchecked power of sheriffs poses significant risks to democratic governance, as their decisions directly impact the treatment of incarcerated individuals and law enforcement practices. Reports indicate rising jail deaths and dangerous conditions in county jails, further indicative of sheriffs' failures to uphold their responsibilities. Without rigorous oversight, elected sheriffs can implement repressive practices that disproportionately affect marginalized communities, perpetuating a cycle of injustice. The lack of accountability for sheriffs threatens not only the safety of those within their jail systems but also undermines public trust in local governance and law enforcement.
Jessica Pishko, an independent journalist and lawyer who writes about the criminal legal system with a focus on the political power of law enforcement officials, joins Lawfare Managing Editor Tyler McBrien to discuss her new book, “The Highest Law in the Land: How the Unchecked Power of Sheriffs Threatens Democracy.”
Pishko discussed the roots of the constitutional sheriffs movement, broke down several myths and realities of the office, and explained the immense appeal sheriffs have for the far-right.