The Classical Code of Manhood

'The Courtier' is a book of manners that describes the ideal attributes of a courtier or member of a royal court. Written as a series of fictional conversations between courtiers and nobles, the book explores topics such as noble virtue, etiquette, love, and the arts. Castiglione emphasizes the importance of sprezzatura, or effortless grace, in a courtier's behavior and actions. The work provides insights into the social and political dynamics of Renaissance courts. It reflects the era's values and ideals. The book had a profound influence on European aristocratic culture and became a standard guide for courtiers and anyone seeking to improve their social standing.

Published in 1811, 'Sense and Sensibility' is Jane Austen's first published novel. It tells the story of the Dashwood sisters, Elinor and Marianne, who, along with their mother and younger sister Margaret, are forced to leave their family estate after their father's death. The novel explores the contrast between Elinor's practical sense and Marianne's emotional sensibility as they experience romantic relationships and heartbreak. Elinor falls in love with Edward Ferrars, who is secretly engaged to another woman, while Marianne becomes infatuated with the unscrupulous John Willoughby. Through their experiences, Austen delves into themes of love, social class, and the balance between reason and emotion necessary for personal happiness.

Published in 1813, 'Pride and Prejudice' is a novel that revolves around the lives of the Bennet family, particularly the second eldest daughter, Elizabeth. The story is set in the early 19th century and explores themes of love, societal expectations, and personal growth. The novel centers on Elizabeth's tumultuous relationship with the wealthy and proud Mr. Darcy, whose initial arrogance and reserve gradually give way to a deeper understanding and mutual respect. Through their interactions, both characters learn to overcome their prejudices and flaws, leading to a transformative journey of self-discovery and redemption. The novel also delves into the societal pressures on women to secure marriages, the importance of family, and the nuances of social hierarchy during the British Regency period.

The Iliad is an epic poem attributed to Homer, set during the Trojan War. It begins in the ninth year of the war, where a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles sets off a chain of events. The poem explores themes of heroism, honor, and fate as it describes the battles and interactions between Greek warriors like Achilles, Diomedes, and Odysseus, and Trojan warriors like Hector and Paris. The story is interspersed with divine interventions from Greek gods and goddesses, influencing the outcome of the war. The poem culminates with Achilles' reconciliation with Agamemnon and his subsequent rage against the Trojans, leading to the death of Hector and the eventual funeral rites for Patroclus and Hector.

Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics is one of the most influential works in moral philosophy. It consists of ten books and is based on Aristotle's lectures at the Lyceum. The work explores central ethical issues such as the role of luck in human well-being, moral education, responsibility, and the concept of the 'mean' between extremes of virtues. It emphasizes that happiness is the end of human endeavor and that moral virtue is formed through action and habituation. The book also delves into the importance of prudence and the various types of friendships and their role in human happiness.

The Dream of Scipio by Iain Pears is a historical novel that explores three distinct periods in Western civilization: the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Black Death, and World War II. The narrative follows three men—Manlius Hippomanes, Olivier de Noyen, and Julien Barneuve—each facing ethical dilemmas and personal struggles, all linked by a text called 'The Dream of Scipio'. The novel delves into themes of civilization, virtue, and the human condition.

The Odyssey, attributed to Homer, is an ancient Greek epic poem that tells the story of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, and his ten-year journey home after the Trojan War. The poem explores Odysseus's encounters with various mythical creatures, divine interventions, and natural challenges. Upon his return to Ithaca, he must confront the suitors who have been vying for his wife Penelope's hand in marriage. With the help of his son Telemachus and the goddess Athena, Odysseus devises a plan to defeat the suitors and reclaim his throne. The poem is a reflection on human nature, loyalty, and the consequences of one's actions, and it remains a crucial component of ancient Greek literature and Western cultural heritage.