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Convention Became Permanent Government
- The National Convention became the de facto government from 1792–1795 due to continuous crises.
- Its emergency-driven rule prevented it from finishing a stable constitutional settlement.
Directory Built From Rival Blocs
- The Directory's executive was composed of factions and technocrats rather than a unified political movement.
- These competing blocs shaped policy and created instability from the start.
Currency Collapse Deepened Crisis
- France faced hyperinflation and near-collapse of its currency with massive paper money in circulation.
- The government kept printing assignats while admitting their worthlessness, deepening the economic crisis.