Discover the reign of the Gorgonopsians, fierce predators from 250 million years ago, and the catastrophic Permian-Triassic boundary extinction event. Explore the diverse ecosystems of the Permian era, the role of glyceropteris flora in coal deposits, and the abundance of fungal spores post-extinction. Uncover the impact of volcanic eruptions, methane hydrates, and global warming on mass extinctions, shedding light on cyclical patterns in Earth's history.
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Quick takeaways
The Permian-Triassic boundary mass extinction event wiped out 95% of all life, including fearsome Gorgonopsians, shaping future ecosystems.
The shift in vegetation post-extinction, from lush to arid conditions, led to the emergence of new plant species adapted to survive in dry climates.
Deep dives
The Permian Triassic Boundary and the Extinction Event
250 million years ago, the Permian period saw the reign of fearsome predators called Gorgonopsians, which eventually went extinct along with 96% of all life at the Permian Triassic boundary. The cause of this catastrophic event is debated, with theories pointing to the eruption of massive volcanic lava from the Siberian Traps. The eruption emitted gases like carbon dioxide leading to acid rain and global warming. The discussion involves a shift from lush conditions to intense dryness, impacting both terrestrial and marine life.
Impact on Plant and Vegetation
After the Permian Triassic boundary, there was a significant shift in vegetation where lush conditions transformed into deserts and dry landscapes. Plants like glyceropteris, once dominant, went extinct, making way for new species like conifers and ferns adapted to survive in dry climates. The change in vegetation was a crucial aspect of the post-extinction recovery, with adaptations like resin-coated leaves and small stomata for water conservation.
Survival and Recovery of Life
The mass extinction event at the Permian Triassic boundary led to the survival of certain species termed 'dead clades walking,' with just one species carrying over from once-diverse groups. Over time, new organisms evolved to fill ecological niches left vacant, leading to the emergence of dinosaurs and other species. Life gradually recovered in a span of 20 to 100 million years, with ecosystems on land and in the sea resembling pre-extinction diversity.
Cyclicity and Patterns of Mass Extinctions
The concept of cyclical mass extinctions, possibly linked to climate change events, has been a topic of scientific interest. While some suggest a cyclicity of around 30 million years in mass extinctions, the periodicity remains debated. The Permian Triassic boundary adds to the understanding of the impact of climate change and how life responds and adapts to such cataclysmic events.
Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Permian-Triassic boundary. 250 million years ago, in the Permian period of geological time, the most ferocious predators on earth were the Gorgonopsians. Up to ten feet in length, they had dog-like heads and huge sabre-like teeth. Mammals in appearance, their eyes were set in the side of their heads like reptiles. They looked like a cross between a lion and giant monitor lizard and were so ugly that they are named after the gorgons from Greek mythology – creatures that turned everything that saw them to stone. Fortunately, you’ll never meet a gorgonopsian or any of their descendants because they went extinct at the end of the Permian period. And they weren’t alone. Up to 95% of all life died with them. It’s the greatest mass extinction the world has ever known and it marks what is called the Permian-Triassic boundary. But what caused this catastrophic juncture in life, what evidence do we have for what happened and what do events like this tell us about the pattern and process of evolution itself?With Richard Corfield, Senior Lecturer in Earth Sciences at the Open University; Mike Benton, Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol; Jane Francis, Professor of Palaeoclimatology at the University of Leeds
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