In this engaging discussion, Professor Julie Greene, an expert in global labor and the history of the Panama Canal, unpacks its tumultuous past. She reveals how the canal, a 50-mile waterway of immense significance, faced centuries of failed attempts before the U.S. took on the challenge in the early 1900s. The podcast highlights the horrendous conditions faced by Caribbean workers, the scandalous political maneuvering by the U.S., and the canal's lasting impact on global trade and geopolitics, including contemporary debates over its legacy.
The Panama Canal's construction was a monumental engineering feat but highlighted significant racial exploitation and imperialistic practices against Caribbean laborers.
The historical attempts to construct the canal reflect broader themes of international trade, colonial ambitions, and the eventual assertion of Panamanian sovereignty.
Deep dives
The Role of Francis Drake and the Isthmus of Panama
Francis Drake's journey in 1572 highlighted the strategic significance of the isthmus of Panama for trade within the Spanish Empire. He recognized that the overland route from the Pacific to the Caribbean was crucial for transporting treasure from South America to Spain. The discovery of this pathway emerged from collaboration with Africans who had escaped Spanish captivity, as they joined forces with Drake to fight against their oppressors. This collaboration set the stage for future international trade developments that would eventually lead to the construction of the Panama Canal.
The Failed French Attempt and American Intervention
The French made the first serious attempt to build the Panama Canal from 1881 to 1889, but their efforts ended in catastrophic failure due to disease and engineering challenges. A lack of understanding of malaria and yellow fever, along with the decision to pursue a sea-level canal, led to the deaths of approximately 22,000 workers and significant financial loss. This failure, coupled with growing American interest, created an opportunity for the United States to intervene, seeing the canal as a means to assert global dominance. Under Theodore Roosevelt, the U.S. supported Panama's independence in 1903, quickly negotiating a treaty that granted it control over the crucial waterway.
Consequences of American Control and Transfer to Panama
The construction of the Panama Canal, completed in 1914, marked a significant engineering achievement that revolutionized global trade, but it was also marred by racial exploitation and imperialistic practices. The workforce consisted primarily of Caribbean laborers who faced harsh conditions and inadequate compensation compared to their American counterparts. Over time, tensions arose regarding U.S. domination over Panama, leading to riots and demands for sovereignty. Eventually, U.S. control formally ended in 1999, with Panama proving capable of managing the canal effectively, further solidifying its importance in the region.
What is the history of the Panama Canal and why does Trump think he can 'take it back'? Dan is joined by Professor Julie Greene to delve into the long backstory of this 50-mile waterway that changed the world. Its journey from concept to completion was fraught as many nations sought to build it over several centuries, with the US eventually taking up the costly task in the 1900s. During the decade-long construction, many workers, mostly from the Caribbean, suffered awful working conditions and were injured or died building it. Total control was handed over to Panama in the 1990s.
Better understand the headlines with this deep dive into history.
You can learn more in Julie's books 'Box 25: Archival Secrets, Caribbean Workers, and the Panama Canal' and 'The Canal Builders.'
Produced by Mariana Des Forges and edited by Max Carrey
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