Lawfare Archive: The War in Yemen (and Congress’s Response)
Jan 6, 2024
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Host Benjamin Wittes is joined by Gregory Johnsen, former member of the UN Security Council Panel of Experts on Yemen, and Daniel Byman, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution’s Center for Middle East Policy, to discuss the origins and current state of the war in Yemen. The speakers explore the role of Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the US in the conflict, as well as the devastating humanitarian crisis and food insecurity in Yemen. They also address the challenges of finding a resolution and the US's culpability in the war.
The conflict in Yemen is characterized by three overlapping wars: the fight against al-Qaeda and ISIS, a regional proxy war involving the Saudis and Emiratis against the Houthis, and a local civil war involving various factions and militias.
The conflict has led to the worst humanitarian crisis in the world, with millions facing food insecurity and on the verge of starvation.
To end the war in Yemen, sustained international pressure is required, focusing on ceasefire agreements, increased aid access, and power-sharing negotiations.
Deep dives
The Yemen-based Houthi militia has launched 25 attacks against vessels in the Red Sea.
Since November, the Yemen-based Houthi militia has launched 25 attacks against vessels in the Red Sea. The United Nations Security Council has condemned the attacks. In an ad-joint statement released this week, the US and 13 other countries warned the Houthis that they will 'bear the responsibility of the consequences should they continue.' US officials are concerned that the attacks and any potential retaliation may jeopardize months of talks between the Saudis and Houthis on ending Yemen's civil war.
The origins and current state of the conflict in Yemen
The conflict in Yemen originated during the Arab Spring protests in 2011, which led to the stepping down of President Ali Abdullah Saleh. The power vacuum and fragmentation of armed groups in Yemen eventually led to the Houthi takeover of the state in 2014, sparking the ongoing war. The current situation in Yemen is characterized by three overlapping wars: the fight against al-Qaeda and ISIS, a regional proxy war involving the Saudis and Emiratis against the Houthis, and a local civil war involving various factions and militias. These complexities make it unlikely that Yemen will be easily stabilized or reunited as it was following unification in 1990.
The humanitarian crisis in Yemen and US legislative response
The conflict has led to the worst humanitarian crisis in the world, with millions on the verge of starvation and facing food insecurity. US involvement in the conflict, particularly its support for the Saudi-led coalition, has garnered significant criticism. The US Congress has taken steps to address this issue, with the Senate considering a resolution to withdraw US forces from hostilities in Yemen. However, there are legal debates about whether the resolution aligns with the definition of hostilities and whether it can effectively end US involvement. As an alternative, another legislative proposal seeks to limit arms sales to Saudi Arabia and impose sanctions on parties involved in human rights abuses.
Yemen's Dual Governments and the Impact on Civilians
Yemen has been torn apart by a conflict between the internationally recognized government and the Houthi rebels. The Houthi control most of the country, including the northern highlands where 70% of the population lives, while the Yemeni government is mostly in exile. This has resulted in competing governments, two central banks, and a dire humanitarian situation. While the conflict is largely seen as a result of local actors, the United States shares some responsibility for not using its power to promote peace and protect its allies.
The Need for Sustained International Pressure and Peace Negotiations
To end the war in Yemen and alleviate the suffering, sustained international pressure is required. This pressure should be applied to both the Saudi-led coalition and the Houthi rebels. The US, as a key ally of Saudi Arabia and the UAE, can play a crucial role in exerting influence. Efforts should focus on ceasefire agreements, increased access to aid, and power-sharing negotiations. However, the path to peace is challenging, as local groups may resort to fighting for power once regional and international powers withdraw.
From December 11, 2018: Last week, Benjamin Wittes sat down with Gregory Johnsen, a former member of the U.N. Security Council Panel of Experts on Yemen and the author of the book "The Last Refuge: Yemen, Al-Qaeda, and America’s War in Arabia," to do a deep dive on the conflict in Yemen: its origins; its current state; and the role Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United States have played and are likely to play moving forward. Joining Ben and Greg was Daniel Byman, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution’s Center for Middle East Policy and Lawfare’s own Foreign Policy Editor.
After Ben and Dan’s conversation with Greg, Brookings Fellow Molly Reynolds and Lawfare's Scott R. Anderson sat down for a conversation about Yemen-related legislation that is currently churning on Capitol Hill, and what it may mean for the future of U.S. involvement in the conflict there.