Phonics Vs. Whole Word: The Science Of Reading, With Adrian Johns
Aug 24, 2023
auto_awesome
Author Adrian Johns discusses the history of reading, the reading wars, and the connection between reading and society. He explores the controversy between phonics and whole word reading methods, as well as the neuroscience of reading and the impact of technology. The importance of teaching children to read using phonics is emphasized, along with the challenges of navigating a changing media landscape.
The reading wars of the 1950s, focusing on whole word teaching and phonics, have contributed to public skepticism of science and the authority of scientific experts.
The future of reading requires educating the next generation to navigate complex reading environments, fostering a culture of exploration, problem-solving, and reflection.
Deep dives
The Rise of Book Banning
In the last few years, efforts to ban specific books or categories of books have increased in American society. From July 2021 to March 2022, nearly 1600 actions were taken to ban over 1100 titles in school districts across the country. This culture war over books is not a new phenomena, dating back to the reading wars of the 1950s. The reading wars were a debate among parents and scientists about the best way to teach children how to read, focusing on whole word teaching and phonics. The outcome-based education trend, which emphasizes whole language teaching, has contributed to public skepticism of science and the authority of scientific experts.
The Power of Reading and Democracy
Since the late 19th century, scientists have recognized the connection between reading and a functioning democratic society. With the rise of industrialization, networking, and the growth of information media, the question arose of how to sustain democracy in an era of media upheaval. Early scientists developed innovative devices like eye movement trackers, revealing that skilled readers recognize patterns of words faster than individual characters. This understanding led to the whole word teaching method, which aimed to train fast and powerful readers. However, the focus on speed reading led to a business-driven speed reading craze. As the public became aware of the limitations of speed reading techniques, criticism of the scientific establishment grew, setting the stage for the reading wars between the whole word and phonics teaching methods.
The Polarizing Reading Wars
The reading wars intensified in the late 1950s, fueled by political, ideological, and societal factors. Rudolf Flesch's book 'Why Johnny Can't Read' challenged the whole word teaching method and advocated for phonics. The launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik heightened concerns about science and technology education in the United States, prompting massive investment in public education programs. With government involvement, the whole word method dominated educational practices, but conservative voices critiqued it as part of the socialist left agenda. The reading wars became politically charged, with the left favoring whole word teaching and the right championing phonics. The battle over reading instruction also intersected with issues of race, class, and access to libraries, deepening educational inequalities.
The Role of Neuroscience and the Future of Reading
In recent years, reading research has delved into neuroscience, recognizing the plasticity of the brain and its ability to form connections through habitual experiences. While phonics is considered beneficial at the beginning stages of reading, the focus shifts to more sophisticated techniques for skilled readers. However, as new mediums like video, social media, and audiobooks emerge, questions arise about the future of reading. Neuroscience suggests that the brain's response to different media alters its circuits, calling for self-discipline and the ability to critically engage with various forms of information. The challenge lies in educating the next generation to navigate these complex reading environments and fostering a culture of exploration, problem-solving, and reflection.
Reading is one of the most significant practices in the modern age of information, but it has a complicated history. Scientists began studying reading over a century ago; they built eye movement devices to study how fast and efficiently we read, and even proposed methods on the best ways to teach kids how to read. But all of this well-intentioned science led to various debates, from America's Reading Wars to today's anti-elite and anti-science movement.
In a new book, The Science of Reading: Information, Media, and Mind in Modern America, Prof. Adrian Johns, chair of the Department of History at the University of Chicago, dives into reading's complicated history and what we can learn from it to better shape the future of reading.