In this podcast, the Siege of Paris during the Franco-Prussian war and the subsequent social unrest are explored. The formation and goals of the Paris Commune are discussed, as well as the role of women during this time. The significance and legacy of the siege and commune, as well as the damage inflicted on Paris, are also examined. Finally, the controversial decision not to defend Paris during World War II, influenced by the Paris Commune, is explored.
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Quick takeaways
The siege of Paris during the Franco-Prussian war led to the formation of the Commune, a self-declared government by the Parisians, which symbolized resistance and rebellion.
The siege of Paris resulted in severe food shortages and privation, with Parisians resorting to desperate measures such as consuming domestic animals and suffering from diseases due to malnutrition.
Deep dives
The Siege of Paris and the Commune
In September 1870, the Prussian army besieged Paris, leading to a subsequent nine-month-long traumatic period for the French capital. The siege resulted from the struggle for European dominance between France and Prussia, with Prussia aiming to unify Germany and assert its military and economic power. Despite the well-fortified defenses of Paris, the city eventually surrendered to the French army, leading to the formation of the Commune, a self-declared government by the Parisians. The Commune was seen by some as a proletarian revolutionary movement, while others viewed it as a warning against such uprisings. Eventually, the Prussians declared German unification and annexed Alsace-Lorraine, fueling French longing for revenge until 1918.
The Challenges Faced by the Commune
During the siege, Paris faced severe difficulties, with food shortages and privation becoming a major issue. The city had initially planned for an 80-day food supply, which quickly proved insufficient. Parisians resorted to eating domestic animals, instances of rats being consumed, and even suffering from diseases due to malnutrition. Despite the challenges, Paris remained defiant and resilient, with the Commune attempting to establish self-governance and improve conditions for workers. Measures such as the separation of church and state and the introduction of workers' cooperatives were among the actions taken by the Commune to address the social issues faced by the population.
The Bloody End of the Commune
As the siege came to an end, the French government in Versailles launched a military assault on the Commune. The government forces gradually advanced through the streets of Paris, fighting barricade by barricade. Atrocities were committed on both sides, with prisoners being executed and thousands of Communards being killed. The final stand of the Communards in Père Lachaise Cemetery became emblematic of the Commune's struggle. Eventually, the government forces crushed the Commune and instituted repression, arresting, deporting, and executing many involved. The legacy of the Commune endured, symbolizing resistance, rebellion, and the wider impact on socialist movements around the world.
Legacy and Impact of the Siege and the Commune
The Siege of Paris left a lasting impact on France, causing trauma and a sense of national defeat. It prompted a search for national greatness and a desire to regain power through overseas colonization in Africa. The Commune, on the other hand, became an enduring symbol of revolution and rebellion internationally, particularly among leftist movements. The Commune's legacy also influenced French socialism and communism, with a complex interplay between militancy and democratic processes in subsequent leftist movements. The event remains significant, both as a historical period in France and as an example of popular resistance against anti-revolutionary forces during times of societal change.
Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the siege of Paris during the Franco-Prussian war and the social unrest that followed, as the French capital was cut off from the rest of the country and food was scarce. When the French government surrendered Paris to the Prussians, power gravitated to the National Guard in the city and to radical socialists, and a Commune established in March 1871 with the red flag replacing the trilcoleur. The French government sent in the army and, after bloody fighting, the Communards were defeated by the end of May 1871.
The image above is from an engraving of the fire in the Tuileries Palace, May 23, 1871
With
Karine Varley
Lecturer in French and European History at the University of Strathclyde
Robert Gildea
Professor of Modern History at the University of Oxford
And
Julia Nicholls
Lecturer in French and European Studies at King’s College London
Producer: Simon Tillotson
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