The cities that create rain; AI in warfare; and do carbon offsets really work?
Dec 5, 2024
auto_awesome
In this engaging discussion, Professor Dev Niyogi reveals how urban design shapes rainfall patterns, introducing the intriguing 'wet island effect.' Dr. Megan Evans questions the efficacy of carbon trading schemes, shedding light on unexpected pollution consequences. Meanwhile, Professor Toni Erskine explores the ethical dilemmas of AI in warfare, addressing its impacts on decision-making and the potential loss of human judgment. Together, they tackle pressing issues at the intersection of climate change, urban planning, and military technology.
Urban design significantly influences local climate, with larger cities potentially enhancing rainfall through the wet island effect.
The use of AI in military contexts poses serious accountability challenges, complicating decision-making and potentially exacerbating automation bias.
Deep dives
The Controversy of Carbon Credit Schemes
Carbon credit schemes are intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by allowing heavy polluters to offset their emissions through purchasing carbon credits. However, new research has raised significant doubts about their effectiveness, particularly regarding Human Induced Forest Regeneration (HIR) projects in Australia. It was found that a staggering 95% of these projects are on land that was never deforested, meaning credits are issued for regrowth in areas where trees would thrive regardless. Furthermore, discrepancies exist in actual carbon sequestration versus credited amounts, leading to more emissions persisting in the atmosphere than initially accounted for.
AI's Role in Modern Warfare Decisions
Artificial intelligence is increasingly being integrated into military decision-making, potentially transforming how decisions regarding the use of force are made. AI-driven systems may aid human leaders by providing algorithmic recommendations for whether to engage in conflict, or, in more extreme cases, could autonomously execute military actions. Challenges arise from this technology, including the risk of automation bias, where leaders might unquestioningly accept AI outputs over their own judgment. The opacity of machine learning processes also complicates accountability, as decision-makers may not fully understand how these technologies arrive at their recommendations.
The Urban Heat Island and Rainfall Dynamics
Large cities create an urban heat island effect, which not only raises temperatures but can also influence local rainfall patterns, referred to as the wet island effect. This phenomenon demonstrates that cities can increase rainfall by enriching the atmospheric conditions necessary for cloud formation and precipitation. Studies suggest that cities around 25 kilometers in width significantly affect surrounding thunderstorms, highlighting the correlation between city size and increased rainfall. Understanding this relationship is vital for urban planning, as city developers can implement designs that harness these effects to ensure better water resource management.
The design of your city contributes to how much rain you get. Researchers have found a 'wet island effect' and it's likely to shape the future construction of our cities. Also, better understanding how Artificial Intelligence is used in conflict; and the major Australian study that calls into question the effectiveness of carbon trading.
Guests
Dr Megan Evans – Senior Lecturer, Public Sector Management, UNSW Canberra
Professor Dev Niyogi – Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
Professor Toni Erskine – International Politics, Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs, Australian National University, ANU