Published in 1963, 'The Feminine Mystique' by Betty Friedan critiques the societal expectations that confined women to roles as housewives and mothers, arguing that these roles denied women their basic human need to grow and achieve personal fulfillment. Friedan coined the term 'feminine mystique' to describe the belief that women could find complete fulfillment in domestic duties alone. Through extensive research, including interviews with housewives, college students, and experts in psychology and education, Friedan exposed the widespread unhappiness among women and the detrimental effects of these societal norms on their mental and physical health. The book played a pivotal role in sparking the second-wave feminist movement, encouraging women to seek careers and personal achievements outside the home[1][3][5].
Set in Lorain, Ohio, during the Great Depression, 'The Bluest Eye' tells the story of Pecola Breedlove, an eleven-year-old African American girl who desperately wants blue eyes, believing they will make her more beautiful and accepted according to white cultural standards. The novel explores themes of race, class, and beauty standards, highlighting the destructive impact of internalized racism and societal pressures on Pecola and her family. Through a non-linear narrative and shifting perspectives, Morrison critiques the systemic racism and social stratification that contribute to Pecola's tragic downfall.
Published in 1973, 'Sula' by Toni Morrison is a novel that delves into the intricate and often fraught relationship between two childhood friends, Sula Peace and Nel Wright, growing up in the African American community of the Bottom in Ohio. The narrative explores themes of friendship, identity, freedom, and the consequences of societal expectations. Sula, who challenges traditional norms and lives a life of independence, and Nel, who opts for a conventional life as a wife and mother, find their bond tested by a tragic incident and later by Sula's affair with Nel's husband. The novel questions the terms 'good' and 'evil', highlighting the ambiguity and complexity of human relationships and the impact of societal judgments. Through the characters' experiences, Morrison examines issues of motherhood, black masculinity, and the constraints faced by black people in a small-town environment[1][4][5].
bell hooks' "Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center" is a seminal work in feminist scholarship, exploring the intersections of race, class, and gender in shaping women's experiences. Hooks challenges dominant feminist perspectives, advocating for inclusivity and a broader understanding of feminist theory. The book emphasizes the importance of lived experiences and the voices of marginalized women. It critiques the limitations of traditional feminist frameworks and proposes a more intersectional approach. "Feminist Theory" remains a crucial text for understanding the complexities of feminist thought and its ongoing evolution.
In 'Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism', bell hooks examines the historical and ongoing impact of racism and sexism on Black women, from slavery to the feminist movements of the 20th century. The book critiques the white feminist movement for neglecting the experiences of Black women and highlights the need for an intersectional approach to address these issues. It is a foundational work in feminist theory, emphasizing the intertwined struggles against racism and sexism.
History of Philosophy: India, Africana, China 
