Promises Delivered? The Economic Effects of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
Sep 5, 2024
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Eric Zwick, a Professor of Economics and Finance at the University of Chicago's Booth School of Business, dives into the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. He examines whether it lived up to its promises, revealing a significant drop in tax revenues despite some investment uptick. Zwick discusses the act's impact on corporate tax rates and income inequality, as well as future implications as the act nears expiration. He also shares insights on small business growth, and they even mix in some fun with a playful chat about baking pie!
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 significantly reduced tax revenues by approximately 40% over the long term, highlighting its fiscal impact.
While the corporate tax rate was lowered to stimulate investment and boost wages, actual wage growth was far below the promised figures.
Deep dives
Impact on Tax Revenues
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) significantly reduced tax revenues, falling short of proponents' claims that it would pay for itself. It is estimated that the reform lowered tax revenues by around 40% over the long term, indicating a substantial fiscal impact. Researchers forecast that while some revenue could be recouped through increased economic activity, the gains would be minor in comparison to the initial cuts. Over ten years, only about 2% of the lost revenue from the reform is likely to be recovered, highlighting the limited effectiveness of the tax cuts in generating sustainable revenue.
Corporate Tax Rate Reductions
A central provision of the TCJA was the reduction of the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, which proponents argued would stimulate economic growth and investment. This lowered tax rate aimed to incentivize firms to expand and hire more workers, with the expectation that increased investment would ultimately benefit employees' wages. While some investment did increase, the actual wage growth for workers was significantly less than the promised figures. Estimates suggest an increase of only around $750 to $1,000 per worker over a decade compared to the $4,000 to $9,000 promised by advocates of the tax reform.
International Tax Changes and Their Effects
The TCJA also altered the international tax framework, moving towards a territorial system that taxed income earned within the U.S. while reducing liabilities on foreign earnings. This shift was designed to discourage corporations from relocating their headquarters to avoid U.S. taxes, thereby encouraging domestic investment. Although some additional investment in U.S. operations was observed, the long-term effectiveness of these measures remains contentious. Critics argue that certain provisions still incentivized companies to invest abroad, and adjusting these international tax rules could lead to improved domestic economic outcomes.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, a landmark piece of tax legislation from the first year of the Trump administration, overhauled the tax code for both individuals and businesses. In this episode of The Pie, Eric Zwick, Professor of Economics and Finance at the UChicago's Booth School of Business, discusses how the overhaul affected the economy, including investment, tax revenue, and wages.
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