The mysteries of volcanoes: what’s going on beneath the ground in Iceland?
Nov 16, 2023
18:11
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Volcanologist Helga Torfadottir and Cambridge professor of volcanology Clive Oppenheimer discuss the preparations for a potential volcanic eruption in Iceland. They explore the geology of Iceland, the uncertainty surrounding eruptions, and the techniques used to predict volcanic activity. They also discuss the allure and importance of studying volcanoes.
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Quick takeaways
Iceland is experiencing tectonic activity with the potential for an imminent volcanic eruption, caused by the splitting apart of continental plates and the formation of magma.
Volcanologists use seismology, GPS instruments, and gas emissions measurements to predict volcanic eruptions, and are exploring new techniques like drones and machine learning to improve eruption predictions.
Deep dives
Understanding the Tectonic Activity in Iceland
The podcast episode discusses the tectonic activity in Iceland, where two continental plates, the North American plate and the Eurasian plate, are splitting apart, creating an opening in the crust. This movement results in the formation of magma, which can either fill the crust or erupt to the surface. The recent earthquakes and tremors in Iceland indicate a potential eruption, and the formation of a lateral wall of magma suggests an imminent volcanic event.
Potential Impact of Eruption and Evacuation Measures
If an eruption occurs, the main threat would be lava flows, similar to those seen in Hawaii, which could damage infrastructure and homes. There is also the possibility of ash production and sulfur dioxide emissions. The coastal town of Grindavik has already experienced cracks in roads and buildings, leading to evacuations. The situation is uncertain, and residents are taking it day by day, preparing for a possible eruption and dealing with the temporary displacement.
Methods of Predicting Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanologists use various methods to predict volcanic eruptions. Seismology plays a crucial role in detecting small earthquakes and tracking the movement of magma towards the surface. GPS instruments and radar satellites help monitor surface displacement caused by rising magma. Gas emissions are also measured, as they can indicate the depth of the molten rock. Scientists are exploring new techniques, such as using drones and machine learning, to enhance monitoring and reduce uncertainty in eruption predictions.
As Iceland braces for a volcanic eruption, Madeleine Finlay hears from volcanologist Helga Torfadottir about how the country is preparing, and why this is happening now. She also speaks to Cambridge professor of volcanology Clive Oppenheimer about how scientists predict volcanic activity, and what it feels like to stare into a smouldering volcanic crater. Help support our independent journalism at theguardian.com/sciencepod
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