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Transition to Republic
- After Charles I's execution, the Council of State assumed executive power.
- This council, composed mostly of civilians, needed to establish a permanent constitutional system and dissolve the Rump Parliament.
Navigation Act and War
- The Navigation Act, passed in 1651, triggered the First Anglo-Dutch War.
- This act challenged Dutch maritime supremacy by requiring goods imported into Britain to be carried on English or origin-country ships.
Rump Parliament's Dilemma
- The Rump Parliament set a dissolution date three years in the future.
- Their extended lifespan could only be justified if they addressed overdue reforms.