

274 - Guest: Carl Benedikt Frey, Professor of AI and Work, part 1
Sep 15, 2025
Carl Benedikt Frey, an Associate Professor at the Oxford Internet Institute and founder of the Future of Work Programme, explores themes from his book, How Progress Ends. He argues that progress depends on continuous institutional adaptation, debunks the myth of inevitable growth, and highlights how decentralized funding drives innovation. Frey also critiques the impacts of recent US policies on scientific research and compares the structural growth challenges faced by the US and China, warning of mutual dynamism decline.
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Progress Requires Institutional Flexibility
- Progress is not inevitable and requires continuous institutional adaptation to new technologies.
- Growth cycles alternate between exploration (inventing) and scaling (realizing productivity), and both phases must be balanced.
Technology–Institution Interaction Explains Booms
- Classic explanations like geography, culture, or static institutions cannot alone explain rapid booms and busts in national growth.
- Interactions between technology and institutions produce short-run surges and longer-term stagnation or collapse.
AI Hype Hasn't Shown Up In Productivity
- Despite excitement about AI, measurable productivity improvements have been disappointing so far.
- Being close to the technological frontier makes realizing productivity gains harder and slows observable growth.