Detente between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1970s led to improved relations and reduced hostilities, but the invasion of Afghanistan and the election of Ronald Reagan marked the end of detente and a return to Cold War tensions.
The human rights movement gained momentum as an unintended consequence of detente, with the United States prioritizing human rights in its foreign policy and public support and activism increasing, especially after the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
Deep dives
The End of the Cold War: Detente and the Fall of Communism
In the 1970s, the United States and Soviet Union engaged in detente, a period of improved relations and reduced hostilities. This was marked by diplomatic agreements, arms control talks, and cooperation in space missions. However, the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union and the election of Ronald Reagan as US president signaled the end of detente. The Cold War continued, but tensions gradually eased with the rise of Mikhail Gorbachev and his push for reforms. The Berlin Wall came down in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, signifying the end of the Cold War.
The Human Rights Revolution and the Role of the United States
The Human Rights Revolution emerged as an unintended consequence of detente. With a renewed focus on human rights, the United States took a stand against communist regimes' violations. President Jimmy Carter prioritized human rights in American foreign policy, leading to public support and activism. The Helsinki Accords of 1975 played a significant role in legitimizing human rights in the Soviet Bloc and globally. The 1979 Iranian Revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan further spurred the human rights movement, exposing communist governments' oppressive nature. The American public held protests, awareness campaigns, and engaged in letter-writing campaigns, amplifying the call for human rights across the world.
The Nuclear Arms Race, Strategic Defense, and the Role of Reagan
The nuclear arms race between the US and the Soviet Union escalated with President Reagan's calls for a Strategic Defense Initiative, commonly known as Star Wars. Reagan's tough rhetoric towards the Soviet Union as an 'evil empire' raised tensions and led to fears of a nuclear conflict. However, Reagan also maintained a fear of nuclear weapons and sought arms reduction. Although the Reykjavik summit in 1986 did not result in a breakthrough, it set the stage for the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty in 1987, which eliminated intermediate-range ballistic missiles from Europe. Reagan's dual stance as a hardliner and a nuclear abolitionist played a critical role in shaping the end of the Cold War.
The Collapse of the Soviet Union and the End of the Cold War
The collapse of the Soviet Union came as a surprise and had several factors contributing to it. Gorbachev's reforms, such as glasnost and perestroika, aimed at opening up the Soviet Union, but instead exposed its deficiencies. The disastrous Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986 further exposed the country's decay. The Soviet republics, inspired by nationalist sentiments, demanded independence, leading to multi-party elections and the ultimate dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The end of the Cold War brought about a new world order, with the United States emerging as the sole superpower.
In the early 1970s, while trying to wind down the war in Vietnam, President Richard Nixon made overtures to Moscow and Beijing that would usher in a new era of the Cold War: Detente. But the thaw in relations didn’t last long - the Iran Hostage Crisis and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan set the old adversaries against each other once again. Throughout the Eighties, President Reagan took a hard line against the “Evil Empire,” ramping up military spending and rhetoric, and Americans were once again tense with nuclear anxiety.