Written in 1641, 'Meditations on First Philosophy' is a seminal work by René Descartes that outlines his metaphysical system. The book consists of six meditations where Descartes employs methodic doubt to question all beliefs that are not absolutely certain. He aims to establish a secure foundation for knowledge, affirming the existence of the thinking self with the statement 'I think, therefore I am' (Latin: 'Cogito, ergo sum'). Descartes also argues for the existence of God and the distinction between mind and body, using innate ideas and rational reasoning. The work includes critical responses from other thinkers and Descartes's replies, making it a landmark in cooperative philosophical discussion[1][2][5].
The Death of Ivan Ilych, published in 1886, is a novella by Leo Tolstoy that delves into the existential crisis of its protagonist. Ivan Ilych, a judge who has lived a life conforming to societal norms and expectations, is diagnosed with a terminal illness. As his health deteriorates, he is forced to confront the emptiness and superficiality of his life. The novella explores themes of mortality, the search for meaning, and the nature of authentic living. Through Ivan's journey, Tolstoy poses critical questions about the purpose of life and the inevitability of death, prompting readers to reflect on their own existence and the values they uphold. Despite the pain and fear associated with his illness, Ivan ultimately finds a sense of peace and understanding in his final moments[2][3][5].
In 'Reality+: Virtual Worlds and the Problems of Philosophy', David J. Chalmers conducts a comprehensive analysis of the intersection between virtual reality, philosophy, and science. He argues that virtual worlds are not inferior to physical reality and that we can lead meaningful lives within them. The book addresses various philosophical questions, such as the nature of reality, the relation between mind and body, and the possibility of being in a simulated world. Chalmers uses virtual reality technology to offer new perspectives on long-standing philosophical issues, making the book a significant contribution to the fields of philosophy, science, and technology.
In this book, Michael Pollan delves into the history of psychedelic drugs, from their rise in the 1960s to their current resurgence in medical research. He combines historical and scientific analysis with personal narratives of his own experiences with psychedelics, such as LSD and psilocybin. The book explores how these substances are being used to treat conditions like depression, addiction, and anxiety, and discusses their potential to revolutionize our understanding of the human mind and consciousness. Pollan's work is a blend of science, memoir, and travel writing, offering a nuanced and engaging look at the therapeutic and spiritual benefits of psychedelics[1][2][4].
In 'Irrationality: A History of the Dark Side of Reason', Justin E. H. Smith delves into the complex relationship between rationality and irrationality, arguing that irrationality is an ineradicable feature of human life. The book spans diverse topics such as logic, dreams, art, pseudoscience, and the internet, highlighting how rationality and irrationality are intertwined in an endless cycle.
In *The Internet Is Not What You Think It Is*, Justin E.H. Smith offers a critical examination of the internet's history and its effects on human society. He argues that the internet has not lived up to its promises of liberation and has instead become a tool for surveillance and control. Smith delves into the long prehistory of the internet, highlighting how its current form is shaped by economic models rather than technological limitations.
Why don't more philosophers take psychedelic drugs seriously as a means of examining reality? Sean Illing talks with Justin Smith-Ruiu, professor of philosophy, whose recent essay "This Is a Philosopher on Drugs" tells of how experimenting with psilocybin and other substances led to a radical reevaluation of nearly everything in his life — including his views on the nature of reality. They discuss the roots of an alternative worldview in the thought of German polymath G.W. Leibniz, what it means to say — as Socrates does — that philosophy is "preparation for death," and why psychedelics aren't more often explored in contemporary philosophy.
Host: Sean Illing (@seanilling), host, The Gray Area
Guest: Justin Smith-Ruiu, philosopher; author
References:
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The Gray Area with Sean Illing 
