The Age of Empire Strikes Back: Stephen Kotkin on Trump, Wrestling, and the Use of American Power | GoodFellows | Hoover Institution
Feb 14, 2025
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Joining the conversation is Stephen Kotkin, a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and expert on Soviet history. He dives into American power dynamics under Trump, exploring the impact of fiscal challenges like crippling debt and military readiness. Kotkin draws parallels with the decline of the British Empire while discussing geopolitical tensions, particularly with China over Taiwan. The dialogue also touches on the complexities of tariffs, political polarization, and the urgent need for effective governance amidst a shifting global landscape.
American power remains significant despite potential decline, driven by military, economic strength, and soft power since 1880.
The shift in U.S. debt surpassing defense spending marks a crucial turning point for national security and global standing.
The dysfunction within Congress poses risks for American democracy, emphasizing the need for reform to balance executive power and governance.
Deep dives
The State of American Power
American power is characterized as unprecedented in its historical context, with the U.S. contributing approximately 25% of global GDP and maintaining roughly 50% of global military capabilities since 1880. Despite discussions about potential decline, it is argued that America's influence remains significant due to its unique combination of military and soft power, innovation, and economic strength. The conversation posits that shifts in relative power are possible if another nation surpasses the U.S. on several dimensions, yet so far, American power has demonstrated resilience against various political changes. Ultimately, the key concern revolves around maintaining this power amid domestic and international challenges.
The Risks of Debt and Defense Spending
A pressing issue highlighted is the point at which U.S. spending on debt service surpasses defense expenditures, marking a potential turning point in national security. This shift has occurred for the first time recently, creating concerns about long-term implications for American military readiness and global standing. Historical parallels are drawn between the United States and the decline of previous empires, notably Britain, emphasizing that failure to deter adversaries could lead to catastrophic consequences. The implications of fiscal constraints on defense budgets raise alarms about America’s preparedness to confront imminent threats, particularly from economic rivals like China.
America's Geopolitical Landscape
Analysts discuss the complex geopolitical landscape, particularly in relation to China and its ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly regarding Taiwan. Concerns are raised about the potential for conflict, as a military showdown could expose vulnerabilities within the U.S. defense posture. The dynamic between the American and Chinese economies is scrutinized, with suggestions that domestic issues within China could influence its foreign policy and militaristic ambitions. The participants express skepticism about whether the U.S. is adequately positioned to respond to escalating tensions and challenges emanating from adversarial states.
The Role of Governance and Institutions
The health of American governance and political institutions is considered crucial for the maintenance of democracy and effective governance. There is a consensus that dysfunction within Congress has allowed for an increase in executive power, creating risks for the stability of the republic. Deliberations surrounding this topic emphasize the importance of maintaining a balance of power and preventing the slide from a republic to an empire. The need for competent governance and institutional reform is framed as paramount in navigating both internal divisions and external threats.
Optimism Amid Challenges
Despite the various challenges facing the U.S., there is an underlying sense of cautious optimism about America's potential for resilience and revival. Participants express hope that current political upheavals could lead to opportunities for institutional reforms and policy innovation that could rejuvenate the economy and social systems. The notion that a ‘vibe shift’ is underway suggests a collective desire for effective governance that counters historical malaise. This optimism is juxtaposed against concerns about political polarization and the efficacy of governance, indicating the complex interplay between hope for progress and the realities of entrenched political challenges.
Three weeks into the nascent Trump presidency, the question of “power” arises: how the leader of the free world uses unique words, deeds, and threats to advance America’s interests globally, through a blend of grandiose promises (rebuilding Gaza), economic saber-rattling (tariffs on imported goods), and a “vibe shift” (woke bureaucracy under attack). Hoover Kleinheinz Senior Fellow Stephen Kotkin joins GoodFellows regulars Niall Ferguson and John Cochrane to discuss what such expressions of American power portend for a republic/empire showing signs of wear and tear—potentially crippling debt, a military perhaps unable to engage in multiple-theater conflicts, and more.
Recorded on February 10, 2025.
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