China's absence of capitalism between 1650 and 1850 was due to the lack of coordination and power within the state necessary for the emergence of an autonomous capitalist class.
The arrival of European powers during the Opium Wars forced China to adapt to the new trade economy and marked the beginning of its efforts to catch up with the Western world.
Deep dives
Chapter 1: Why capitalism did not emerge in China
The first chapter explores the reasons behind the absence of capitalism in China during the period between 1650 and 1850. The author argues that even though China had elements of capitalism, such as thriving markets and a merchant economy, it lacked the coordination and power within the state necessary for the emergence of an autonomous capitalist class, unlike in Europe. The Chinese imperial state intervened to maintain stability and prevent the rise of a capitalist class. The chapter also discusses the role of the imperial bureaucracy and the influence it had in shaping the economic landscape.
Chapter 2: The impact of Western colonialism and the Opium Wars
This chapter delves into the consequences of Western colonialism and the Opium Wars in China. The author explains how the arrival of European powers forced China to engage in trade and adapt to the new trade economy. The Qing dynasty, weakened by internal conflicts and facing pressure from foreign powers, struggled to modernize but experienced the Taiping Rebellion and the collapse of the empire. This period marked the beginning of China's efforts to catch up with the Western world.
Chapter 3: The rise of state-controlled capitalism in China
The third chapter focuses on the period from 1980 to 2008 when China embraced state-controlled capitalism. The author highlights the influence of Deng Xiaoping and the reformists who introduced economic liberalization and broke up the collective farms. This period witnessed a significant growth in state-owned enterprises, regional power centers, and the consolidation of industries. China's export economy also played a major role in its economic success, with the country becoming the assembler of the world.
Chapter 4: China's role in the global economy
The final chapter explores the global effects of China's economic boom and its potential future trajectory. The author questions whether China will achieve hegemony or maintain its position as a state among other states. While acknowledging China's rise as a global power, the author suggests that China remains dependent on the framework of global capitalism and the American-led global order for coherence and state capacity. The chapter prompts the reader to consider the long-term implications of China's economic development.