Science correspondent Carl Zimmer discusses advancements in ancient DNA analysis and how it is changing the way we think about treatments for diseases. He explores the migration of the Yum Naya people to Northern Europe and the valuable information their 5,000-year-old DNA holds about present-day diseases. Zimmer also delves into the study of diseases in ancient people and the protective nature of the immune system in ancient humans.
Analyzing DNA from Bronze Age skeletons is revolutionizing treatments for devastating diseases by providing insights into our ancestors' health and the genes they carried.
The study of ancient DNA helps reconstruct the stories and history of ancient peoples, revealing information about health conditions, migration patterns, and societal organization.
Deep dives
Using DNA to Understand Ancient People's Health
Scientists are realizing that understanding our ancestors' health may be the key to treating modern diseases. By analyzing DNA from Bronze Age skeletons, researchers are able to gain insights into the challenges our ancestors faced and the genes they carried. This new field of science, known as evolutionary medicine, has the potential to revolutionize treatments for devastating diseases with no current cure. By studying the genomes of ancient organisms, including humans and extinct species like Neanderthals, scientists can piece together the big picture of how our ancestors lived and identify specific genetic mutations associated with certain traits and diseases. These discoveries help us better understand the history of diseases and how they have evolved over time, uncovering potential breakthroughs for treatments.
Unveiling Clues about Ancient Populations
Through advanced techniques, scientists can extract DNA from ancient human remains, providing valuable insights into how different groups of people lived thousands of years ago. By examining the DNA of ancient populations, researchers can determine various aspects of their lives, such as health conditions, skin color, societal organization, and even familial relationships. For example, analyzing the DNA of ancient farmers from 8,000 years ago allows scientists to identify who among them was lactose intolerant. Moreover, the analysis of ancient DNA reveals how populations migrated, interbred, and spread throughout different regions. This wealth of information enables scientists to reconstruct the stories and history of ancient peoples.
Uncovering Ancient DNA's Role in Modern Diseases
Studying ancient DNA has significant implications for modern medicine, particularly in understanding the genetic basis of diseases. By comparing the DNA of modern populations with ancient DNA samples, scientists can trace the history and evolution of disease-causing genetic mutations. This comparative approach helps identify why certain individuals are more susceptible to specific diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. For instance, the Yum Naya, a group of people who lived 5,000 years ago and relied heavily on animal herding, evolved genes that boosted their immune systems to combat animal-borne diseases. Surprisingly, some of these immune-related genes that were beneficial to the Yum Naya population have become risk factors for diseases like multiple sclerosis today. This knowledge can lead to more targeted and effective treatments for diseases by providing insights into the origins and mechanisms behind them.
In a major advance in science, DNA from Bronze Age skeletons is providing clues to modern medical mysteries.
Carl Zimmer, who covers life sciences for The Times, explains how a new field of study is changing the way we think about treatments for devastating diseases.
Guest: Carl Zimmer, a science correspondent who writes the Origins column for The New York Times.
For more information on today’s episode, visit nytimes.com/thedaily. Transcripts of each episode will be made available by the next workday.
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