Tariffs & Q2 Growth Shock | Trade Maven Brad Setser on Trump’s Tariff Warpath, China’s Balance of Payments, and “Self-Induced Recession” Probabilities
Mar 26, 2025
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Brad Setser, a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and former advisor to the U.S. Trade Representative, dives into the potential growth shock from Trump’s tariffs. He unpacks how these tariffs can impact GDP, inflation, and global trade dynamics, echoing concerns of historical precedents. Setser also dissects China’s balance of payments, revealing discrepancies in their reported figures, and discusses the implications of U.S. industrial policies on tech competition with China, highlighting the intertwining of trade and corporate profits.
The potential growth shock anticipated from Trump's tariffs could significantly impact U.S. GDP and investment decisions in Q2.
The uncertainties surrounding tariffs may lead to rising import prices, provoking inflation and possibly contributing to a recession.
Addressing the U.S. trade deficit requires structural changes in trade policies and incentives to enhance domestic manufacturing capabilities.
Deep dives
Uncertainty Surrounding Tariffs and Their Economic Impact
The podcast discusses the uncertainty regarding recent tariffs announced by the Trump administration and their potential repercussions on both the U.S. and global economies. The expected reciprocal tariffs could be substantial, impacting sectors that include automobiles, pharmaceuticals, and semiconductors. Proponents of these tariffs estimate significant costs, with some projections suggesting they could reach around 1% to 2% of U.S. GDP. This ambiguity leads to hesitance in investment decisions, creating potential risks for a recession and altering trade dynamics.
Federal Reserve's Growth Projections and Inflation Concerns
The Federal Reserve's revised growth projections indicate a decrease from 2.1% to 1.7%, raising concerns about whether these numbers accurately reflect the impact of tariffs on inflation and GDP. The complexities of assessing the inflationary effects of the announced tariffs suggest that rising prices for imports could instigate broader price increases across various sectors. As tariffs may disproportionately affect industries reliant on imported goods, there is a concern that the negative impacts might not immediately translate into sharply reduced GDP numbers. This reflects a broader atmosphere of confusion and diminished consumer confidence, potentially leading to slower economic growth.
Trade Deficits and Their Long-term Sustainability
The conversation addresses the sustainability of the U.S. trade deficit, which currently hovers around 4% of GDP and reflects persistent economic imbalances. Influences such as high savings rates and low consumption levels dominate China's trade surplus, while similar changes in the U.S. economy could alter its trade balance. Estimates suggest the current trajectory may not be stable, as increasing external debt could lead to rising interest burdens over time. Potential adjustments in fiscal policy and international economic dynamics will be critical to addressing these trade deficits effectively.
Complexities of Non-tariff Measures and Retaliation
The podcast highlights the complexities immersed in non-tariff barriers and the potential for retaliatory measures from other countries in response to U.S. tariffs. While export-import dynamics could shift considerably, retaliation could also initiate a price reduction for certain U.S. goods in global markets. For instance, if demand decreases for U.S. products due to retaliatory tariffs, domestic producers may lower prices to maintain competitiveness. This results in a complex interplay between trade policies, pricing strategies, and the overall stability of the U.S. economy.
The Role of Domestic Policy Changes in Trade Balances
The discussion emphasizes the need for structural changes in U.S. trade policies to improve trade balances while addressing fiscal sustainability. Proposals include altering tax laws that currently encourage offshore profits for American multinational corporations, enabling them to sustain trade deficits. With suggestions for increasing domestic production through incentives, the podcast asserts the importance of revitalizing U.S. manufacturing capacity without relying excessively on tariffs that could lead to negative economic repercussions. Ultimately, the conversation advocates for a comprehensive approach that combines fiscal restraint with targeted trade policies to enhance the U.S. trade landscape.
Brad Setser is an expert on global trade and capital flows, having served as senior advisor to the United States Trade Representative from 2021 to 2022. The Whitney Shepardson senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) joins Monetary Matters to explain why he thinks President Trump’s tariffs are likely to cause a growth shock in the second quarter. Recorded on March 20, 2025