Joshua Paul Dale, "Irresistible: How Cuteness Wired our Brains and Conquered the World" (Profile Books, 2023)
Feb 10, 2024
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Dr. Joshua Paul Dale, author of 'Irresistible: How Cuteness Wired our Brains and Conquered the World,' explores the neuroscience, evolution, and cultural impact of cuteness. Topics covered include the origins of Japan's kawaii culture, the connection between cuteness and animal domestication, the influence of cuteness in Japanese and Western art, the evolution of the concept of childhood, the history of the word 'kawaii' in Japanese society, and the potential future of cuteness with robotics and AI.
Cuteness is linked to behavioral traits like friendliness and neotony, supporting the socialization and care of infants.
Cuteness is a universal emotional affect recognized in many societies, with cultural differences shaping its perception and expression.
Deep dives
The Evolution of Cuteness: The Domestication Syndrome
The domestication syndrome, a set of traits shared by domesticated animals, provides insights into the origins of cuteness. The Siberian fox experiment conducted in the 1950s showed that selecting for friendliness in foxes resulted in physical changes that made them appear cute. This suggests that cuteness is linked to behavioral traits like friendliness. Additionally, neotony, the persistence of juvenile traits into adulthood, plays a role in cuteness. Humans, as a neotenous species, show a peak cuteness response when babies are around five to six months old. This suggests that cuteness evolved to support the socialization and care of infants.
Cuteness in Cross-Cultural Perspectives
Cuteness is a universal emotional affect that elicits similar responses across different cultures. While cultural differences exist, the basic characteristics that trigger cuteness, such as a relatively large head, low-lying eyes, and clumsy movements, are recognized in many societies. In Japan, the notion of cuteness, known as 'Kawaii,' dates back centuries and is influenced by both animist and Buddhist beliefs that emphasize the spiritual qualities of animals and objects. In Europe, the concept of cuteness emerged later, with the Enlightenment and Romantic movements shaping the perception of children as innocent and pure. Over time, the idea of cuteness expanded and diversified, leading to the emergence of various compound terms in contemporary Japanese culture.
The Changing Aesthetics of Cuteness in Western Art
The portrayal of cuteness in European art has evolved over centuries. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Enlightenment philosophers and social changes led to the valorization of childhood innocence. This period saw a transition from depicting children as miniature adults to more realistic representations. However, the concept of cuteness differed from the modern notion, with a focus on beauty rather than approachability. The 19th century witnessed further transformations, as childhood became highly valued, resulting in increased attention and idealized depictions of children. The early 20th century marked a shift towards a more energetic and humorous image of children, reflected in advertising and popular culture.
The Future of Cuteness: Robotics and AI
The future of cuteness may lie in the combination of robotics and artificial intelligence (AI). Japan has been at the forefront of developing cute robots, such as Sony's IBO dog and the Love robot. Advancements in AI and deep learning models could enhance the cuteness of these robots by training them on vast datasets of cute animal videos. The goal is to create robots capable of exhibiting a wide range of cute behaviors that constantly surprise and engage humans, thus overcoming the issue of boredom often associated with robots. The fusion of robotics and AI may redefine the boundaries of cuteness and its emotional impact.
Why are some things cute, and others not? What happens to our brains when we see something cute? And how did cuteness go global, from Hello Kitty to Disney characters?
Cuteness is an area where culture and biology get tangled up. Seeing a cute animal triggers some of the most powerful psychological instincts we have - the ones that elicit our care and protection - but there is a deeper story behind the broad appeal of Japanese cats and saccharine greetings cards.
In Irresistible: How Cuteness Wired our Brains and Conquered the World (Profile Books, 2023) Dr. Joshua Paul Dale, a pioneer in the burgeoning field of cuteness studies, explains how the cute aesthetic spread around the globe, from pop brands to Lolita fashion, kids' cartoons and the unstoppable rise of Hello Kitty. Irresistible delves into the surprisingly ancient origins of Japan's kawaii culture, and uncovers the cross-cultural pollination of the globalised world. Understanding the psychology of cuteness can help answer some of the biggest questions in evolutionary history and the mysterious origins of animal domestication.
This is the fascinating cultural history of cuteness, and a revealing look at how our most powerful psychological impulses have remade global style and culture.
This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose forthcoming book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars.