John Nye discusses Britain and France's trade policies, challenges the traditional narrative of free trade, examines the impact of tariffs on wine trade, explores the historical importance of beer and wine, and analyzes the influence of war on the economy and living standards in 18th and 19th century Britain.
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Quick takeaways
Contrary to beliefs, France practiced more free trade than Britain in the 19th century.
British tariffs on French wine inadvertently boosted the domestic beer industry.
British government's taxation on alcohol production fueled extensive war funding and military dominance.
Deep dives
Reevaluation of Britain and France's Trade Policies in the 19th Century
Contrary to the traditional belief that Britain embraced free trade earlier than France in the 19th century, statistical analysis reveals that British average tariffs started from a significantly high level. French average tariffs, on the other hand, remained lower than Britain's for most of the century. The gradual tariff reductions in Britain did not begin with the repeal of the Corn Laws but started earlier, leading to a slow and steady decline in tariffs.
The Impact of Wine Tariffs on British and French Economies
Tariffs on French wine in Britain had a profound impact on both economies. By imposing high fixed tariffs on French wines, British policy makers unintentionally boosted the British beer industry's growth, as beer became a more attractive alternative due to the tariff structure. This protectionism led to a sharp decline in French wine exports to Britain, encouraging France to focus on producing higher quality wines to navigate the tariff barriers.
State Intervention and Oligopoly Formation in the Breweries
The British government capitalized on the thriving domestic beer industry by implementing taxes on brewers, forming an alliance with leading brewers. This union resulted in oligopoly formation, where a limited number of dominant brewers controlled prices under state regulation. The brewers accepted higher taxes in exchange for monopoly profits, shifting from a diverse market to a concentrated brewing industry with state-backed restrictions.
The Evolution of Economic Power Through Taxes and Wars
Taxes on various elements related to alcohol production in Britain, including beer, distillery, hops, and sugar, constituted a significant portion of the British budget, potentially 20% to 25%. The ability of the British state to collect substantial revenues through these taxes fueled their capacity to fund wars extensively, outperforming larger nations like France in many conflicts. The success in revenue collection was attributed to a domestic compromise allowing the government to raise excises without major opposition, thus contributing to Britain's military dominance despite its size.
Transition to Free Trade and Economic Growth
Despite popular belief in England's early embrace of free trade, the reality was more complex. France appeared more receptive to free trade practices initially, while England gradually reduced tariffs, culminating in the 1860 Cobden-Chevalier Treaty with France. The treaty set a precedent for other European nations to engage in free trade agreements. The internal political economy shift, coupled with technological advancements, drove England's transition towards freer trade policies, ultimately leading to increased domestic trade and economic growth.
John Nye of George Mason University talks with EconTalk host Russ Roberts about his book, War, Wine, and Taxes. The conversation covers the history of Britain and France's trade policy, why the British drink beer and why Ricardo's example of Britain trading wool for Portuguese wine is bizarre. Nye turns the traditional story on its head--he argues that France was more of a free trader than Britain and that the repeal of the Corn Laws was not the dividing line between Britain's protectionist past and free trade future. At the end of the discussion, Nye emphasizes the importance of domestic free trade for economic growth.
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