
New Books in Intellectual History Moritz Föllmer, "The Quest for Individual Freedom: A Twentieth-Century European History" (Cambridge UP, 2025)
Jan 9, 2026
Moritz Föllmer, an Associate Professor of Modern History at the University of Amsterdam, examines notions of individual freedom in 20th-century Europe. He critiques traditional narratives of individuality, emphasizing a multitude of competing concepts. Föllmer discusses how wars shaped opportunities for personal independence, particularly for women. He also contrasts the liberal and social democracy frameworks of freedom, examines postwar moral policing, and explores the impact of neoliberalism and populism on contemporary notions of liberty against historical contexts.
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Century-Long, Continent-Wide Freedom Quest
- The quest for individual freedom ran across the whole 20th century and beyond Europe's borders due to colonial connections.
- It combined ordinary people's small claims to freedom with ambitious political projects that often clashed.
Freedom As Degrees And Ambivalence
- Freedom is a matter of degrees and combines subjective self-perception with objective structural constraints.
- Georg Simmel's ambivalence helps explain how people can feel free in some respects and unfree in others.
War's Unexpected Space For Women's Independence
- World War I imposed massive constraints yet opened unexpected opportunities, like women moving from agriculture to better-paid factory jobs.
- Some women described newfound autonomy, saying 'I did it all on my own' when running farms or workplaces during wartime.



