Leon Kass on the Wisdom of Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's "Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Mankind" is a seminal work in political philosophy. Rousseau explores the nature of inequality, tracing its origins from the state of nature to the development of society. He argues that inequality is not inherent to human nature but is a product of social institutions and conventions. Rousseau's critique of civilization and his emphasis on the importance of individual freedom and self-governance have had a profound impact on political thought. The discourse remains a significant contribution to political philosophy, its themes of inequality, freedom, and the social contract continue to be debated and discussed today.

Published in 1759, 'The Theory of Moral Sentiments' is Adam Smith's first major published work, based on his lectures at Glasgow University. The book argues that morality is driven by humanity's natural sociability and the need for approval from peers, rather than by rational calculation or innate moral sense. Smith introduces key concepts such as sympathy, the impartial spectator, and the invisible hand, which explain how individuals judge the conduct and character of themselves and others. The work delves into the emotional and social aspects of human behavior, highlighting the role of emotions like pity and compassion in shaping moral sentiments and behaviors[1][3][4].