The end of good and evil | Slavoj Žižek, Maria Balaska, Rowan Williams, Richard Wrangham
Jan 9, 2024
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Renowned philosopher Slavoj Žižek, political philosopher Maria Balaska, former Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams, and anthropologist Richard Wrangham discuss the nature of good and evil. They explore the complexity of human nature and argue against oversimplification. The panel examines the definition of good and evil, their relativity, and their relationship with power. They also discuss the concept of evil and its disruption of the moral fabric. Overall, the podcast delves into the multifaceted nature of humans and challenges traditional categorizations of good and evil.
The distinction between inherently good or evil is a mistake, as humans have the capacity for both kindness and malevolence.
Identifying evil can be helpful, but it is important to consider historical and social contexts and avoid extreme absolutism.
Deep dives
The Complexity of Good and Evil
The panelists discuss the concept of good and evil, questioning whether humans are inherently one or the other or a combination of both. They explore the subjective nature of morality and the social construction of these categories. While identifying evil can be helpful in recognizing dangerous individuals or actions, the panelists caution against the absolutism and extreme use of the term. They emphasize the need to consider the historical and social contexts when assessing acts labeled as evil. Additionally, they challenge the reduction of morality to consequences or societal norms, highlighting the importance of virtues and attention in understanding the concepts of good and evil.
The Objective and Historical Nature of Good and Evil
The panelists discuss the objectivity of good and evil, acknowledging the influence of social constructs and history on these categories. They argue that while good and evil are concepts constructed by humans, they have real and binding authority in our moral judgments. They explore the relationship between morality and reality, suggesting that goodness allows us to perceive reality more objectively. They caution against reducing good and evil to mere consequences or preferences, emphasizing the complexity and importance of these categories in our moral lives.
Recognizing Evil and Identifying Dangers
The panelists debate whether identifying good and evil characteristics in humans is vital to alert us to dangers and drive actions. They discuss the existence of psychopaths and argue that identifying individuals without a sense of morality can be practical in protecting society. However, they caution against the oversimplification and extreme use of the term evil, which can lead to harmful consequences. They emphasize the importance of analyzing the context and historical processes behind acts labeled as evil, such as slavery, to understand the complexity of these actions.
Abandoning Good and Evil and the Need for Moral Concepts
The panel explores the question of whether we can imagine a world without the concepts of good and evil. They argue that these concepts are deeply ingrained in our moral framework and cannot be easily replaced. They caution against abandoning these concepts without considering the possible outcomes and without transforming our practices and ways of relating to each other. They also discuss the danger of reducing morality to productivity or conformity, emphasizing the need for deeper concepts like virtues and attention in our moral discourse.
Whether we see humans as essentially good or essentially selfish and violent has been central to our politics, our account of society, and our vision for social progress. But is this very distinction itself a mistake? Recently, Harvard scientists have shown humans to be both the kindest and most malevolent species on the planet. While figures like Hitler and Stalin though responsible for tens of millions of deaths were also remarkably empathetic in aspects of their private lives.
Should we give up the idea therefore that humans are either inherently good or bad and conclude that all of us are both at the same time with potentially profound consequences for our political beliefs? Or is it vital to retain the distinction to alert us to danger and to drive personal and social change? Or more profoundly, are the categories of good and bad themselves the underlying error and unhelpful, and even dangerous, ways of categorising human behaviour?
Anthropologist and Harvard University Professor Richard Wrangham, renowened philosopher and cultural critic Slavoj Žižek, University of Hertfordshire professor Maria Balaska and the 104th Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams join Myriam François to discuss the nature of good and evil.