mRNA Vaccines Are Decades Old and Why White Animal Bellies?

Learn about why mRNA vaccines are older than you think; and the scientific theories about why animals have white bellies.

mRNA vaccines are older than you think by Grant Currin

• Dolgin, E. (2021). The tangled history of mRNA vaccines. Nature, 597(7876), 318–324. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02483-w
• Lewis, T. (2021, September 15). An mRNA Pioneer Discusses How Her Work Led to the COVID Vaccines. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/an-mrna-pioneer-discusses-how-her-work-led-to-the-COVID-vaccines/
• Harvard University. (2021). How mRNA vaccines work [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbaCxIJ_VP4

Why do so many animals have white bellies? Here are the theories by Cameron Duke 
 

• Exhibit Galleries Blog. (2016). Neaq.org. http://galleries.neaq.org/2014/09/countershading-camouflage.html
• Harris, J., & Olivier Penacchio. (2015, October 7). Sunscreen or camouflage? Why so many animals have dark backs and pale bellies. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/sunscreen-or-camouflage-why-so-many-animals-have-dark-backs-and-pale-bellies-48603
• Penacchio, O., Cuthill, I. C., Lovell, P. G., Ruxton, G. D., & Harris, J. M. (2015). Orientation to the sun by animals and its interaction with crypsis. Functional Ecology, 29(9), 1165–1177. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12481
• Penacchio, O., Lovell, P. G., Cuthill, I. C., Ruxton, G. D., & Harris, J. M. (2015). Three-Dimensional Camouflage: Exploiting Photons to Conceal Form. The American Naturalist, 186(4), 553–563. https://doi.org/10.1086/682570

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