In this podcast episode, myself and guest Dr. William O. Stephens, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Creighton University, delve into the concept of free will in Stoicism, defined as "uninhibited freedom of choice." Initially, I share my emotional response to criticisms received on a previous episode about free will. Recognizing my response as un-Stoic, I offer an apology and clarify my views, emphasizing my responsibility in presenting Stoicism accurately, especially to the young and impressionable audience.
Dr. Stephens and I explore whether Stoicism supports the idea of free will. We discuss the Stoic view of the universe as a blend of fate and individual agency, emphasizing that Stoicism is not deterministic but compatibilist - it allows for free will within a framework of causal determinism. This perspective aligns with my understanding of free will in Stoicism, which I define as the ability to make one's own choices, free from external coercion.
We delve into Stoic psychology and the concept of 'lecta' (sayables or propositions) and how these relate to human decision-making. Dr. Stephens explains that while Stoics believe in fate, they also maintain that individuals have the freedom of ascent, the ability to agree or disagree with presented propositions, thus exercising free choice.
The episode also touches upon different philosophical positions regarding determinism and free will: hard determinism, soft determinism (compatibilism), and libertarianism. We establish that Stoics are compatibilists who believe in both causal determinism and human freedom to choose, making them morally responsible for their actions.
A significant part of our discussion revolves around the Stoic concept of 'prohairesis' (faculty of choice or volition), particularly in the teachings of Epictetus. This faculty is central to Stoic ethics, embodying the idea that our choices and decisions define us.
We also address misconceptions about Stoicism being fatalistic, using examples like the 'lazy argument' to illustrate how Stoics view the role of human agency in a predetermined universe. Additionally, we discuss the Stoic doctrine of eternal return and its relevance (or lack thereof) to Stoic ethics and individual freedom.
In conclusion, Dr. Stephens and I affirm that freedom of choice is a crucial component of Stoicism. This episode reaffirms my commitment to Stoicism and its practical application in modern life, regardless of minor differences in interpreting some of its ancient doctrines.
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Online copy of Meditations (A.S.L Farquharson) : https://link.stoicismpod.com/farquharson
Online copy of Enchiridion (Elizabeth Carter) : https://classics.mit.edu/Epictetus/epicench.html
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Practical Stoicism