247 | Samuel Bowles on Economics, Cooperation, and Inequality
Aug 21, 2023
01:20:27
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Samuel Bowles, economist and expert in collective behavior, discusses the relationship between economics and human behavior, the limitations of physical science analogies, and the complexities of economic models. He explores the neoliberal economic paradigm, Adam Smith's views on self-interest and the market, and the historical methods of punishing free riders. The podcast also delves into global-scale problems and the potential for a more global mentality.
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Quick takeaways
Economics is a story of collective behavior influenced by complicated human beings with their own goals and limitations.
Donations can have significant impact when based on evidence-backed high-impact giving opportunities like those recommended by GiveWell.
A more nuanced understanding of human motivation and social dynamics is essential to economic analysis.
Deep dives
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The Evolutionary Perspective on Human Behavior and Economic Systems
The podcast episode explores the intersection of human behavior, economic systems, and evolutionary biology. The guest, Samuel Bowles, discusses how economic theory often assumes individuals are purely self-interested. However, he presents evidence from experiments conducted by economists that reveal the existence of altruistic and reciprocal behaviors. Bowles also provides insights from his research on the evolution of altruism, arguing that group selection and genetic predispositions may play a role in shaping human behavior. This challenges traditional economic models and highlights the need to incorporate a more nuanced understanding of human motivation and social dynamics into economic analysis.
The Power of Neoliberalism and the Need for a New Paradigm
The podcast explores the dominance and success of the neoliberal economic paradigm, which integrated powerful moral intuitions about liberty and self-determination with a model of the economy that emphasized individual freedom and market efficiency. However, the financial crisis in 2008 and growing inequalities have exposed the limitations of this paradigm. The episode suggests the need for a new policy paradigm that combines a model of the economy that recognizes the importance of moral principles with economic theories that accurately represent the complexities of the modern economy.
Understanding Human Behavior and Dealing with Free Riders
The podcast delves into the importance of understanding human behavior in economic models. It discusses Adam Smith's conception of self-interest and the role of markets in organizing society. It also explores the phenomenon of free riders and highlights the use of punishment as a means to ensure cooperation in public goods games. The episode suggests that mobilizing moral pressures within communities can effectively address free rider problems and foster cooperation in modern economies where contracts and government regulations are insufficient.
Economics, much like thermodynamics, is a story of collective behavior arising from the interactions of many individual constituents. The big difference is that in economics, the constituents are themselves complicated human beings with their own goals and limitations. We can still make progress by positing some simple but plausible axioms governing human behavior, and proving theorems about what those axioms imply, such as the famous supply-and-demand curves. The trick is picking the right axioms that actually do apply to any given situation. Samuel Bowles is a highly regarded economist who has helped understand the emergence of political hierarchy and economic inequality, often drawing on wide-ranging ideas from game theory and evolutionary biology. We talk about how people evolved to cooperate, and why nevertheless inequality seems to be ubiquitous.
Samuel Bowles received a Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University. He has taught at Harvard University, the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, and the University of Siena, and he is currently Director of the Behavioral Sciences Program at the Santa Fe Institute. He has been awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship and the Leontief Prize, and is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is one of the developers of the CORE Econ project.