S9 E7: Neurodiversity and the reading brain, with Ioulia Kovelman, Ph.D.
Nov 27, 2024
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Ioulia Kovelman, Ph.D., is a developmental cognitive neuroscientist at the University of Michigan, specializing in literacy development for neurodiverse and multilingual students. She highlights how children's brains adapt during reading and the unique challenges faced by dyslexic learners. Ioulia emphasizes the importance of personalized literacy instruction and how different languages engage various cognitive 'muscles.' Ultimately, she underscores the collaborative relationship between scientists, teachers, and students in advancing literacy education.
Understanding the interplay between cognitive science and neuroscience informs adaptive teaching strategies for reading disabilities like dyslexia.
Research highlights the necessity of explicit literacy instruction in both languages for maximizing the academic potential of bilingual learners.
Deep dives
Understanding Reading Development Through Neuroimaging
Neuroimaging provides valuable insights into the reading development process by allowing researchers to examine how children's brains function as they learn to read. Advances in these technologies have enabled comparisons between children with similar reading abilities who might employ differing reading strategies. This understanding highlights the importance of considering both cognitive and neural development in literacy instruction, as it recognizes that each child's brain may respond uniquely to reading tasks. By identifying these differences, educators can tailor their approaches to better support the diverse needs of learners.
The Connection Between Cognitive Science and Reading Instruction
Cognitive science and neuroscience play crucial roles in reshaping our understanding of reading disabilities such as dyslexia. This interdisciplinary field focuses on the interplay between brain development and cognitive processes, establishing that reading development involves significant neurological changes. For instance, as children learn to read, they create connections between speech and visual recognition in the brain. Acknowledging these developments allows educators to adapt their teaching strategies to address the specific needs of students with different learning profiles.
The Importance of Language and Meaning in Reading
Research indicates that children with dyslexia often exhibit a stronger connection to the meaning of words rather than their phonetic components when learning to read. This finding suggests that understanding and utilizing morphemes, which are the smallest meaning-carrying units of language, can be an effective teaching strategy for struggling readers. Emphasizing meaningful chunks of language can help children with dyslexia improve their reading abilities by building on their strengths in comprehending semantics. Thus, educators might consider integrating morpheme-based instruction to facilitate better connections between sound, meaning, and reading.
Bilingualism and Reading Proficiency
Bilingual children demonstrate unique brain activation patterns when engaged in reading tasks, highlighting the complexities of learning in multiple languages. Research shows that bilingual individuals can switch between cognitive systems depending on language demands, which can benefit their overall language proficiency. However, without proper instruction in both languages, the transfer of reading skills between them may not occur effectively. Emphasizing explicit literacy instruction in both languages is essential for maximizing the potential of bilingual learners and ensuring their academic success.
Susan is joined by Ioulia Kovelman, Ph.D., professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Michigan, to give educators the perspective of a developmental cognitive neuroscientist on literacy development. Starting with the basics of cognitive science versus brain science, Ioulia gives a comprehensive overview into how the brain changes as children learn to read, including differences seen in neurodiverse students and multilingual/English learners. Ioulia then answers a question from our listener mailbag on neuroscience and dyslexia and how current research can inform teaching strategies. Ioulia ends with a rallying message that scientists, teachers, and children cannot stand alone and need to find ways to connect with each other to strengthen literacy as a whole.
Quotes: “We are different learners. And these are really different learners. And by giving them literacy instruction, targeted literacy instruction, we are changing their brains. But that doesn't mean we're making them the same.” —Ioulia Kovelman, Ph.D. “We talked about languages being different. They're exercising slightly different muscles of your language system.” —Ioulia Kovelman, Ph.D.
“Science is informed by teachers and children. We're all together. I do not teach children. Teachers don't usually do science. But we have to find ways of connecting with each other.” —Ioulia Kovelman, Ph.D.
Episode timestamps* 02:00 Introduction: Who is Ioulia? 06:00 Cognitive science vs brain science 08:00 How the brain changes as children learn to read 11:00 Following brain development for children that struggle with language development 14:00 Physical differences in brain development between the average brain and a neurodiverse brain 17:00 Mailbag question: Neuroscience and dyslexia 20:00 How neuroscience informs teaching strategies for children with dyslexia 25:00 Monolingual vs multilingual brains 33:00 Language literacy lab 38:00 Connecting research to classroom instruction 41:00 Final thoughts *Timestamps are approximate, rounded to nearest minute
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