Mary Beard, renowned historian and author, discusses the nature of unaccountable power in ancient Rome and today. They explore the governance of the Roman Empire, double standards in Roman society, Mark Zuckerberg's fascination with Augustus, parallels between tech titans and Roman emperors, Caesarism in contemporary democracy, and the absurdity of Roman emperors being deified.
Roman emperors had to navigate the delicate balance between presenting themselves as superhuman rulers and relatable human beings, a challenge similar to contemporary democratic politics.
The rise of Christianity within the Roman Empire introduced a paradox for the emperors, as they had to blend notions of divinity and humility to maintain power and authority, a paradox that persists in modern politics.
Deep dives
The Complexity of Julius Caesar's Role as First Emperor
Julius Caesar occupies a complex role as the first emperor of Rome. While some view him as the dying embers of the Republic, others in the ancient world saw him as the origin of one-man rule. Julius Caesar's actions, such as putting his living head on coins, flooding the Roman world with images of himself, and undertaking signature building projects, mirrored those of emperors who came after him. Although his reign was cut short by his assassination and he did not fully realize his ambitions, some consider him a proto-emperor.
Navigating the Dilemma of Roman Emperor
Roman emperors faced a unique dilemma: how to present themselves as both superhuman rulers and human beings like everyone else. They had to justify their power while lacking the hereditary privilege linked to kingship. The Roman emperor was not a king but had to perform the role of a leader, maintaining a delicate balance between authority and relatability. This dilemma is comparable to contemporary democratic politics, where presidents and leaders often face the challenge of presenting themselves as exceptional while still appearing connected to the people.
Augustus and the Construction of One-Man Rule
Augustus is a remarkable figure in Roman history. After a period of intense civil war, he emerged as the last man standing and presented a 'New Deal' to a Roman world longing for peace. His rule marked a shift towards one-man rule, but he cleverly cloaked it in the vocabulary and traditions of the old Republic. Augustus balanced his position as the ultimate authority with maintaining the façade of continued democracy. Meanwhile, he consolidated power by nationalizing the army and adopting successors, breaking the constraints of hereditary monarchy.
The Paradox of Emperors and Christianity
The rise of Christianity within the Roman Empire introduced a paradox for the emperors. The Christian belief that the meek shall inherit the earth challenged the Roman principle of strength and power. However, rather than weakening Roman imperial power, Christianity ultimately bolstered it. Emperors embraced Christianity, blending the divine and human aspects of rule, and being proclaimed godlike while still being seen as meek and humble. This paradox persists in contemporary politics, where leaders seek to embody power and authority while projecting humility and relatability.
This week David asks Mary Beard what the Roman Empire can tell us about the nature of unaccountable power, then and now. How did Roman emperors rule when they had so little knowledge of the lives of their subjects? Can absolute personal power ever escape the limits of biology, from sex to death? And who are the modern-day equivalent of the Caesars: democratic populists or tech titans?