The Catholic Who Invented Human Rights | Prof. Joseph Capizzi
Apr 9, 2019
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Prof. Joseph Capizzi challenges the claim that human rights began in the 1970s, discussing the historical context of Spanish colonization, Vitoria's theory on jus gentium and natural law, the exclusion of women in early human rights development, the paradox of slavery and human dignity, and the origins of human rights influenced by ancient philosophy and religious beliefs.
Recognition of human rights involves controlling the narrative and influencing future directions.
Francisco de Vittoria reshaped discussions on international law by advocating for indigenous rights.
Vittoria's arguments for human rights were philosophical, emphasizing the importance of historical and philosophical underpinnings.
Deep dives
Origins of Human Rights
Human rights are associated with the highest moral precepts and political ideals, encompassing historical movements against injustices like slavery and genocide, for justice and equity in voting rights, and opposition to unjust wars. Claiming credit for the term human rights is not just about recognition but also about controlling the narrative to influence future directions and inclusivity. The emergence of the modern concept of human rights in the 1970s is attributed to crises in internationalism, challenging traditional historical origins.
Francisco de Vittoria and Spanish Colonization
Francisco de Vittoria, a Spanish theologian, played a significant role in reevaluating the treatment of indigenous populations by Spain during the colonization of the Americas. Vittoria's arguments focused on questions of rightful domination, possession, and the ethical treatment of indigenous peoples, challenging traditional justifications for Spanish rule. His advocacy for recognizing the humanity of indigenous populations and their rights of possession reshaped early discussions on international law and moral obligations.
Expansive Rights and Cosmopolitan Community
Vittoria's theological reflections expanded the conception of human community and rights, advocating for mutual respect and obligations between Spaniards and indigenous populations. Emphasizing the principles of natural law and the rights of communication, Vittoria fostered a vision of a cosmopolitan world where individuals share equal rights and responsibilities. His arguments for the recognition of human rights and the duty to engage in friendly intercourse highlight broader moral and legal considerations in early discussions of international relations and human dignity.
Vittoria's Cosmopolitan Vision of Human Rights
Vittoria's argument extends to the concept of an international community, emphasizing a borderless perspective that stands out within his intellectual milieu. He explores the idea of sociality and communication rights, highlighting the close connection to natural law and international norms. Vittoria's unique approach delves into the foundation of human rights and challenges prevailing views at the time, demonstrating a commitment to a cosmopolitan and inclusive understanding of rights.
Philosophical vs. Theological Underpinnings of Human Rights
The discussion raises the question of whether human rights should be grounded in theological or philosophical principles. Vittoria views his argument as philosophical, distinct from a theological stance, although later interpretations may label it otherwise. The dialogues reflect on the need for a rationale behind human rights to prevent arbitrariness and assert the importance of historical and philosophical underpinnings to safeguard against political manipulation and ensure a meaningful discourse on rights.
This lecture was held on March 6th, 2019 at Yale Law School. For more info about upcoming TI events, visit: thomisticinstitute.org/events-1
About the Speaker:
Joseph E. Capizzi is Ordinary Professor of Moral Theology at the Catholic University of America. He teaches in the areas of social and political theology, with special interests in issues in peace and war, citizenship, political authority, and Augustinian theology. He has written, lectured, and published widely on just war theory, bioethics, the history of moral theology, and political liberalism.
Dr. Capizzi is the Executive Director of the Institute for Human Ecology at Catholic University. He received his B.A. from the University of Virginia, his Masters in Theological Studies from Emory University, and his M.A. and Ph.D. in Theology from the University of Notre Dame. He lives in Maryland with his wife and six children.
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