Delve into the dawn of electricity in the 18th century, from entertaining demonstrations to political implications. Explore the clash between divinity and materialism, the evolution of theoretical assumptions, and Faraday's electromagnetic discoveries. Discover how electricity impacted society, from medical treatments to the rivalry between scientists in experimentation.
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Quick takeaways
18th-century shift from natural to artificial electricity influenced by Newton's experimental approach.
Introduction of Leyden Jar emphasized practical applications over theoretical concepts in electricity.
Electricity's integration into public culture through dazzling displays and engaging performances showcased its power and captivated audiences.
Deep dives
The Development of Artificial Electricity
In the 18th century, Francis Hauksbee, influenced by his experience as a draper, shifted the understanding of electricity from a natural property to an artificial force. By rubbing a barometer tube, he observed glowing and attraction-repulsion effects, marking the beginning of artificial electricity influenced by Newton's experimental approach.
Introduction of Key Instruments like the Leyden Jar
The 18th century saw the introduction of key electrical instruments such as the Leyden Jar, crucial for storing substantial charges of electricity. This device enabled the transportation of electricity and highlighted the instrumental focus over theoretical concepts in the field of electricity.
Spectacles and Showmanship Surrounding Electricity
Electricity became a central part of public and popular culture during the 18th century. Spectacular electrical shows, shocking demonstrations, and innovative instruments captivated audiences in London, spa towns, and beyond. Electricians engaged the public, showcasing the visible power of electricity through awe-inspiring displays and performances.
The Shift towards Understanding Animal Electricity
The quest to harness electricity extended to living creatures, sparking debates between Galvani and Volta regarding animal and artificial sources of electricity. Galvani's work with frog legs and Volta's electric pile experiment aimed to differentiate between organic and inorganic electricity, laying the foundation for physiological and electrical investigations.
Faraday's Contribution to Electromagnetism
Michael Faraday's groundbreaking work in electromagnetism revolutionized the understanding and application of electricity. Building on earlier discoveries linking electricity and magnetism, Faraday's experiments with electromagnetic induction led to the development of electromagnetism as the foundation for the modern electrical industry. His showmanship at the Royal Institution and insightful experiments paved the way for transformative technologies like electric networks, telegraphy, and power systems, electrifying society and establishing him as a legendary figure in the history of electricity.
Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the dawn of the age of electricity. In Gulliver's Travels, published in 1726, Jonathan Swift satirised natural philosophers as trying to extract sunbeams from cucumbers. Perhaps he would have been surprised, or even horrified, by the sheer force of what these seemingly obscure experimentalists were about to unleash on society. Electricity soon reached into all areas of 18th century life, as Royal Society Fellows vied with showmen and charlatans to reveal its wonders to the world. It was, claimed one commentator, 'an entertainment for Angels rather than for Men'. Electricity also posed deep questions about the nature of life. For some it was the divine spark that animated all things, for others it represented a dangerous materialism that reduced humans to mere machines.But how did electricity develop in the 18th and 19th centuries? Why was it so politically contentious and how was it understood during the age in which it changed the world forever?With Simon Schaffer, Professor in History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Darwin College; Patricia Fara, historian of science and a Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge; Iwan Morus, Lecturer in the History of Science at Queen's University Belfast.
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