The 1453 fall of Constantinople: capturing the Byzantine capital
Jan 23, 2025
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Join Professor Jonathan Harris, an expert on Byzantine history from Royal Holloway University, as he delves into the dramatic fall of Constantinople in 1453. Discover how the Byzantine Empire faced decline, allowing the ambitious Mehmed II to launch a strategic siege. Harris recounts the fierce battles and desperate fortifications as the city braced for the onslaught. The discussion also touches on the legends surrounding Emperor Constantine XI and the long-lasting implications this pivotal moment had on modern national identities in Greece and Turkey.
The decline of Constantinople, marked by ruined infrastructure and diminished population, set the stage for the Ottoman siege in 1453.
Sultan Mehmed II's innovative military strategies and siege tactics ultimately led to the fall of Constantinople, transforming its legacy for centuries.
Deep dives
The Decline of Constantinople
In the years leading up to 1453, Constantinople experienced significant decline, with many of its once great buildings in ruins and its population diminished. The city, formerly a prosperous capital, had lost substantial territory to invading Turkish groups, particularly the Ottoman Turks, who capitalized on the weakened Byzantine Empire. The impressive structures that remained, such as Hagia Sophia, could not mask the fact that the glory days of Constantinople were long over. This decline set the stage for the eventual siege and the fall of the city to the Ottomans.
Mehmed II's Strategic Preparations
Sultan Mehmed II, determined to capture Constantinople, undertook extensive military preparations that distinguished his efforts from previous failed attempts. He identified and addressed key factors such as controlling the Bosphorus Strait and effectively blockading the city, alongside acquiring large cannons capable of breaching the city’s formidable walls. By constructing a fortress on the Bosphorus and gathering a fleet of 300 ships, he ensured that supplies could not reach the defenders. Additionally, his acquisition of a massive cannon from a Hungarian engineer allowed the Ottomans to launch a far more effective siege.
The Siege and Fall of Constantinople
The siege of Constantinople began on April 6, 1453, with Mehmed II initiating bombardment that quickly revealed the vulnerability of the city’s defenses. Despite initial resistance from the defenders, led by the skilled mercenary commander Giovanni Giustiniani, the Ottomans succeeded in breaching the walls by May 29. As fighting intensified and morale within the city faltered, the Ottomans launched a final assault, leading to chaos and the eventual fall of the city. This marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and allowed the Ottomans to take full control.
Aftermath and Legacy of the Fall
The immediate aftermath of the fall of Constantinople resulted in widespread plunder and significant loss of life among the city’s inhabitants, with many facing enslavement. Mehmed II's vision for Constantinople shifted as he aimed to transform it into an imperial capital for the Ottomans, which included converting churches into mosques, most notably Hagia Sophia. The fall not only ended the Byzantine era but also elevated the status of the Ottoman Empire as a central player in the Islamic world. This event had lasting ramifications, influencing European perceptions and politics in the centuries to come.
In 1453, the once grand and formidable city of Constantinople fell to the hands of the Ottoman Turks – bringing over a millennium of Byzantine rule to a dramatic close, and heralding the rise of the Ottoman empire. But what caused this seismic moment? And how did the attack play out? Together with Emily Briffett, Professor Jonathan Harris journeys back to the 15th century to unravel how the Byzantine capital was seized – recounting the action and exploring the ramifications up to the modern day.
The HistoryExtra podcast is produced by the team behind BBC History Magazine.