No Future: Don't be told what you want, Don't be told what you need.

In 'Bullshit Jobs: A Theory', David Graeber argues that a significant portion of jobs in modern society are meaningless and contribute little to no value. He categorizes these jobs into five types: flunkies, goons, duct tapers, box tickers, and taskmasters. Graeber contends that these jobs are not only inefficient but also psychologically destructive, leading to chronic misery and social divisions. The book is based on his 2013 essay 'On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs' and includes testimonials from workers who feel their jobs are pointless. Graeber suggests solutions such as unions and universal basic income to address the issue of meaningless work.

In *Cruel Optimism*, Lauren Berlant explores the concept of 'cruel optimism' as a relation where something desired is actually an obstacle to one's flourishing. The book examines how people in Europe and the United States survive neoliberal postwar restructuring by clinging to fantasies of the good life, such as upward mobility, job security, political and social equality, and durable intimacy. Berlant argues that these attachments become cruel when they impede the very aims they were meant to achieve. The book delves into affective and aesthetic responses to the dramas of adjustment in times of precarity, contingency, and crisis, and critiques the idea of the good life within the context of liberal-capitalist societies.