Eric Cline, an expert on ancient civilizations and author of '1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed', discusses the mysterious Bronze Age collapse. He explores the catastrophic events like famine, drought, and invasions that resulted in chaos in the eastern Mediterranean. Cline sheds light on interconnections among civilizations like the Minoans and Egyptians, and examines the role of the Sea Peoples, who may have been climate refugees. The conversation also reflects on the link between past droughts and today's climate challenges.
The collapse of interconnected late Bronze Age civilizations was driven by environmental crises, invasions, and economic decline due to prolonged droughts.
In the aftermath, cultures like the Phoenicians thrived by expanding trade, while others, such as the Mycenaeans, failed to adapt and disappeared.
Deep dives
The Interconnected World of the Late Bronze Age
The late Bronze Age was characterized by a highly sophisticated and interconnected network of civilizations, spanning from the Eastern Mediterranean to northeast Africa. Major powers such as the Minoans, Mycenaeans, Egyptians, Assyrians, and Babylonians engaged in extensive trade and diplomatic relations, much like today’s globalized world. The exchange included not only luxury goods but also cultural and scientific advancements, highlighting a rich tapestry of interaction among these societies. This interconnectedness contributed to a shared cultural and economic landscape, setting the stage for both collaboration and eventual conflict.
Factors Leading to the Collapse
The collapse of the late Bronze Age resulted from a combination of environmental, social, and military crises. Prolonged droughts and natural disasters such as earthquakes severely affected agriculture and trade routes, leading to famine and economic decline. The arrival of the Sea Peoples, who were likely climate migrants, exacerbated the chaos by launching invasions across the region. These compounded disasters led to the rapid depopulation of cities and a breakdown of the societal structures that had flourished for centuries.
Survival and Adaptation of Civilizations
In the aftermath of the collapse, different civilizations exhibited varied responses to the chaos. The Phoenicians capitalized on the disarray to expand their trade networks and establish city-states, while the Egyptians managed to survive, albeit in a state of decline known as the Third Intermediate Period. Conversely, societies like the Mycenaeans and Hittites failed to adapt and largely disappeared. This period highlights the resilience of certain cultures while illustrating how some fell into obscurity amidst the turmoil.
The Transition to the Iron Age
The collapse of the late Bronze Age ultimately laid the groundwork for the emergence of the Iron Age, characterized by the introduction of iron as a new and more abundant material for tools and weapons. This transition marked a significant shift in technological and societal advancements, with iron being easier to produce compared to the previously scarce tin for bronze. The exchange of knowledge regarding iron smelting among various cultures facilitated widespread adoption, leading to a new era of innovation. The resulting smaller city-states, such as those in Greece, began to flourish, paving the way for future empires and advancements in civilization.
Around 3,200 years ago, a vast, interconnected civilisation suddenly collapsed. A 'perfect storm' of climate catastrophe, famine, drought and invasion tore apart the eastern Mediterranean, plunging the survivors into decades of turmoil.
Eric Cline is the author of '1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed' and its sequel, 'After 1177 B.C.: The Survival of Civilizations'. He joins us to explain how this interconnected world was toppled, and what came after.
Produced by James Hickmann and edited by Dougal Patmore.
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