Andrew Pettegree discusses the surprising ways in which the written word has shaped, and been shaped by, conflicts in the last few centuries. Topics include the role of books in war, leaflets in psychological warfare, the influence of literature on leaders during WWII, and the durability of books and history of libraries.
Books have been used as tools of propaganda during times of war, shaping ideologies and influencing people's perceptions.
Books provided solace and comfort during wartime, with non-habitual readers turning to classics for solace.
Censorship played a significant role in managing information during wartime, with books being less strictly censored than newspapers and radio broadcasts.
Deep dives
Books as Resources in Wartime
Books have been essential resources in times of conflict and warfare throughout history. From ancient writings on the art of war to the mass literacy period in the 19th century onwards, nations recognized the importance of carrying their population with them through books on warfare and warlike values. Libraries, occupying prestigious locations, became targets during war, especially with the advent of bombing. However, books were deemed vital for morale and provided solace and relaxation for the general population amidst the horrors of war.
Books as Comfort during War
Books played a significant role in offering comfort during war time. Surveys conducted during the war years revealed that while some habitual readers decreased their reading, those who hadn't been habitual readers before, such as captured soldiers in prisoner of war camps, turned to books and classics for solace. The availability of time during war allowed people to delve into longer novels like Charles Dickens and explore Anthony Trollope and War and Peace. However, reading among women saw a decline, primarily due to increased responsibilities like war work and household chores.
Books as Instruments of Propaganda
Books, magazines, and written material were used extensively as propaganda tools before, during, and after conflicts. They shaped ideologies and influenced people's perceptions, both consciously and subconsciously. Technical resources were sought after, and intelligence agencies heavily relied on open sources like newspapers and documents. Novels, like the famous James Bond novels, played a role in inspiring a sense of nationalism or militarism before the wars. Governments actively circulated propaganda materials during the wars to advance their own agendas and ideologies.
The Role of Censorship in War
Censorship played a significant role in managing information during wartime. Newspapers and radio broadcasts were subjected to censorship to limit the sharing of operational information. However, censorship of books was less strict and more complex. While some books were banned or restricted, wartime conditions, such as paper shortages, shaped the publishing industry. Publishers had to carefully decide which books to publish, considering the prevailing wartime sentiments and alignment with the war effort. Surprisingly, Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf was recommended reading in British Army camp libraries to familiarize soldiers with Germany's ideology.
Leaders as Writers and Influencers
Many notable leaders of World War II, like Adolf Hitler, Winston Churchill, Charles de Gaulle, and Stalin, were either authors, avid readers, or had a strong connection to the written word. Their writings and interests shaped their leadership styles and provided insight into their ideologies and motivations. For example, Winston Churchill authored books and won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his history of the Second World War. These leaders recognized the power of words and utilized literature to advance their causes and inspire their followers.
Throughout time, both authors and their readers have gone to war. In that process, the written word has become a deadly weapon and a glimmer of peace and hope – from the furious printing efforts behind publishing //Mein Kampf// to the daring exploits of James Bond. Speaking to Emily Briffett, Andrew Pettegree traces the surprising, and sometimes sinister, ways in which the written word has shaped, and been shaped, by the conflicts of last few centuries.
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