Rationally Speaking #23 - Carol Tavris on Everybody Making Mistakes, Except Us...
Dec 5, 2010
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Exploring cognitive dissonance and biases, Carol Tavris discusses how our need to justify our beliefs leads to rationalization and mistreatment of others. She highlights the fallibility of human memory and cultural variations in handling cognitive dissonance. Strategies for navigating critical thinking and engaging with differing viewpoints are also explored, emphasizing the importance of objectivity and compassion.
Humans tend to rationalize behaviors to maintain self-image, impacting critical thinking and decision-making.
Memory plays a role in rationalization, with biased reconstruction influencing how individuals interpret past experiences.
Deep dives
The Rationalizing Animal vs. The Rational Animal
Humans tend to rationalize their behaviors rather than always acting rationally. This behavior was discussed in the context of Aristotle's idea that humans are rational animals, while research indicates that humans often rationalize their actions. Understanding cognitive dissonance and biases helps in compensating for these tendencies, leading to improved critical thinking and decision-making.
The Power of Rationalization in Decision Making
The podcast highlighted how individuals tend to rationalize their decisions and beliefs after the fact, especially when these decisions challenge their self-perceptions. This rationalization process can make it challenging to admit mistakes or consider conflicting information. Cognitive dissonance plays a significant role in justifying choices and maintaining a coherent self-image, ultimately influencing how individuals process information.
Memory and Rationalization
The discussion extended to how memory influences rationalization, emphasizing the fallibility of memory and its role in constructing narratives that align with current beliefs. People often revise memories to remain consistent with their present understanding of themselves or past events, leading to biases in how they interpret past experiences. Acknowledging memory's reconstructive nature can foster a more open and flexible approach to understanding one's experiences.
Cultural Variations and Rationalization
The episode explored how cultural differences influence the processes of cognitive dissonance and rationalization. Individuals in individualistic societies may experience dissonance when their competence is questioned, while in more group-oriented cultures, losing face in front of others may trigger dissonance. Understanding these variations sheds light on how beliefs and choices interact with cultural contexts, impacting the rationalization process.
Our guest, Carol Tavris discusses her book (co-authored with Elliot Aronson) "Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts." In it they describe how our powerful cognitive dissonance engine of self-justification gives us the incredible ability to rationalize events and beliefs so that we always end up being better than average at being right. Also, how we are forced into these rationalizations by our absolute need to somehow square our most dearly held opinions of ourselves with the nasty tendency of some facts to contradict them.
Carol Tavris is a social psychologist who has tought at UCLA. She has written for many publications, including the NY Times and the LA Times. She is the author of a number of books, including "The Mismeasure of Women" and the recently re-released, "Psychobabble and Biobunk."
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