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East vs. West Mediterranean
- The Eastern and Western Mediterranean developed independently, divided by the Adriatic and Ionian Seas.
- Greek attention focused eastward on Persia and internal conflicts, while Western colonies remained separate.
Athenian Sicilian Disaster
- The Athenian invasion of Sicily in 410 BC ended disastrously.
- This failure deterred Greek westward expansion for generations.
Pyrrhus's Early Life
- Pyrrhus of Epirus, born in 318 BC, was a second cousin to Alexander the Great.
- Dethroned twice, he sought opportunities for conquest.